The Paradox of Social Class and Sports Involvement

Free Essays on Jim Jones

The History of Jonestown In 1978, 913 followers of Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple committed a mass suicide in northern Guyana at a site called, Jonestown. The charismatic leader of Jonestown, was Jim Jones, a preacher who set up the Peoples Temple in San Francisco and ultimately moved his followers to a more clandestine site in Guyana. While Jones was preaching in San Francisco, he helped out many local and even national campaigns and was seen as a healer which much power in the community. However, once he had all of his members in Jonestown, his personality changed. Away from the constraints of American soil, Jonestown and its members became very cultish. Jones heightened regulations on his followers and their engagement to the sect. Eventually, Jones began to claim his true divinity. "Jones, for example now claimed to be the reincarnation of Jesus, as well as Ikhnaton, Buddha, Lenin, and Father Divine."(Galanter, 1989) Paranoia and complete control became Jones' personality, once he obtained such a close knit group. Jones began to stage rehearsals of his eventual mass suicide plan that he would eventually enact. These drills, called "white nights" began with sirens going off in the middle of the night and none of the members of Jonestown would know if it was real or not. "A mass meeting would ensue... we would be told that the jungle was swarming with mercenaries... we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told."(Galanter, 1989) In 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan went to Jonestown to investigate supposed abuses by the People's Temple onto its members. After staying for a day, Ryan tried to leave, taking four of the cult members who had decided to defect. Realizing this, Jones ordered them killed, as was done. Sensing that his utopia in the jungle would surely come to an end after word got back to the states abou... Free Essays on Jim Jones Free Essays on Jim Jones The History of Jonestown In 1978, 913 followers of Jim Jones and the Peoples Temple committed a mass suicide in northern Guyana at a site called, Jonestown. The charismatic leader of Jonestown, was Jim Jones, a preacher who set up the Peoples Temple in San Francisco and ultimately moved his followers to a more clandestine site in Guyana. While Jones was preaching in San Francisco, he helped out many local and even national campaigns and was seen as a healer which much power in the community. However, once he had all of his members in Jonestown, his personality changed. Away from the constraints of American soil, Jonestown and its members became very cultish. Jones heightened regulations on his followers and their engagement to the sect. Eventually, Jones began to claim his true divinity. "Jones, for example now claimed to be the reincarnation of Jesus, as well as Ikhnaton, Buddha, Lenin, and Father Divine."(Galanter, 1989) Paranoia and complete control became Jones' personality, once he obtained such a close knit group. Jones began to stage rehearsals of his eventual mass suicide plan that he would eventually enact. These drills, called "white nights" began with sirens going off in the middle of the night and none of the members of Jonestown would know if it was real or not. "A mass meeting would ensue... we would be told that the jungle was swarming with mercenaries... we were given a small glass of red liquid to drink. We were told that the liquid contained poison and that we would die within 45 minutes. We all did as we were told."(Galanter, 1989) In 1978, U.S. Congressman Leo Ryan went to Jonestown to investigate supposed abuses by the People's Temple onto its members. After staying for a day, Ryan tried to leave, taking four of the cult members who had decided to defect. Realizing this, Jones ordered them killed, as was done. Sensing that his utopia in the jungle would surely come to an end after word got back to the states abou...

Hypothyroidism and dna Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hypothyroidism and dna - Research Paper Example According to Lavin (2009), hypothyroidism can be termed as thyroid hormone deficiency whereby the thyroid hormone levels in the body have no effects on the body tissues as required. He notes that thyroid hormones deficiency has numerous negative impacts on the overall functioning of the body tissues (Lavin, 2009). How does hypothyroidism affect DNA? It affects DNA by interfering with the usage of the messages carried by the DNA and DNA transcription. By binding to the receptors found on the nucleus of each cell, DNA transcription is affected. Hence, hypothyroidism leads to low levels of transcription of DNA. It reduces DNA synthesis (Thurlbeck & Churg, 1995). The cause of hypothyroidism could be injury to the thyroid gland. An illness such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis can cause it. It leads to the production of antibodies that destroy the thyroid gland. Such illness is regarded to as an autoimmune disease. If the pituitary gland is destroyed or is not functioning properly, then thyroid hormone production is reduced. Some medications like lithium cause hypothyroidism. (Harvard Health Publications; White, & Garber, 2010). Genetics is can be used to explain how DNA mutation and alteration cause hypothyroidism. When there are DNA changes in various genes, then this can cause congenital hypothyroidism. The number of chromosomes also leads to hypothyroidism (Valente, Hosford-Dunn, & Roeser, 2008). DNA and hypothyroidisim have an intricate relationship. Ptaff (2002) asserts that relations of thyroid hormone with the proteins that bind Deoxyribonucleic acid is the main means through which thyroid hormone controls transcription of thyroid hormone-responsive genes (Ptaff, 2002). In hypothyroidism, DNA methyltransferase activity is regulated more while that of histone acetylases is regulated less (Acton, 2012). The thyroid –stimulating hormone ÃŽ ² gene defect has been found in various families with hypothyroidism. The defect in the

Long Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Long Proposal - Essay Example Since we are going to apply our project to find the solutions of the RTD parking for people who are in trouble due to mismanagement and due to parking issues at RTD, we will be working all the community workers who are responsible to manage RTD parking, all people who are using RTD space as parking lots and all customers who are influenced by TRD parking shortage. The audience includes community staff, fellow students, passersby, customers. We will also be utilizing blue print documents and maps of the RTD parking areas. Our proposal is interlinked with what we have studied at university level. It is related because it deals with our problems as we are regular passengers of RTD, we are directly influenced by RTD parking problem, among many who are directly or indirectly influenced by these problems. RTD parking lots unavailability has direct influence on all students who require to purchase pass through school and being not able to utilize this pass have repercussions like it portray s financial burden on schools to provide transportation services to the students who are in need. Students studying business communication are worse hit by RTD problems because they are dependent on the RTD parking to attend their classes.

Research on Ecological Education Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

On Ecological Education - Research Paper Example This enhances their self-confidence, providing them with positive outlook towards ecology, its protection and improvement (ALPHA, 2000). Ecological education enables individuals to comprehend a wider and composite conservation system, it also signify to stay in harmony. Thus, ecological education creates an wakefulness not only amongst the educated population but also amongst the uneducated population. It assembles those individuals who are well informed and provide support with keenness and dedication. Communication is the chief motive of ecological association. Communication is done by using short and meaningful sentences. It is imperative that appropriate information and desired awareness must be generated through this means of education. It is evident that environment or ecology is a wide term that involves people, their immediate environment, their cultural environment and also the global impact. It is a concern towards our biological as well as non-biological environment, it al so involves a concern about the social environment. It involves protection of the resources.

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts

Market Based Accounting Research Impacts Market-based Accounting Research Introduction Accounting provides financial data about the performance of a company. This data enables accounting information users, including investors, to take their decisions about investing in the shares of a company. Similarly, accounting research evaluates the usefulness of this accounting data to investors and other users. The relationship between the two can be examined through market-based accounting research. Market-based accounting research is a search into relationship between publicly disclosed accounting information and the consequences of use of this information by equity investors. In other words, market-based accounting research examines the association between accounting numbers and security return and tests whether or not accounting data carry any information content to security market. Rationale for the Research Market-based Accounting Research is extremely relevant to the study of capital market efficiency, CAPM, information economics and regulation. The main drive of market-based accounting research comes from major developments in finance theory during the last few decades, especially in late 50s and early 60s. These developments include portfolio selection theory, Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and the concept of information-efficient capital markets followed by developments in information economics, agency theory and optimal incentive-signaling models. The rationale of this study has its basis in the research in this area in the past. Over the past three decades, a significant amount of research in market-based accounting research has emerged to evaluate the usefulness of accounting data to investors and the association between the accounting numbers and security return. In fact in the recent years due to development of capital markets, globalization and increase in stock trading, market-based accounting research has become even more important. Contemporary market-based accounting research has primarily focused on its international dimension which has had important policy implications for regulators and others who deal with disclosure requirements in different stock exchanges. The focus of this dissertation will be on examining how market-based accounting research impacts the kind of common stock traded in major stock exchanges. In light of this, the study will examine the relationship between accounting numbers, stock market returns and market valuations. Key Aims Objectives As indicated above, the prime focus of the study is to examine contemporary accounting theory and research with an emphasis on market-based accounting research and its impact on capital markets. As market based accounting research is based on the valuation of firms and their securities, the use of financial statements for valuation purposes, and the implications for financial reporting and corporate governance, all these areas will form a part of this study. The study aims to: Describe the concept of market based accounting research Identify the information content of market-based accounting research Provide an insight into local market conditions as well as comparative international state of market-based accounting research. Examine the role of market-based accounting research and the importance of disclosure of accounting information on capital markets Examine how published information is used by investors for designing their trading strategies Describe how market-based accounting research information impacts the capital markets efficiency Describe accounting based valuation and relate it to the content of brokers’ reports Key Research Questions The three key research questions proposed to be examined by this study are: What is the role of accounting information in capital markets? What is the information content of accounting information? What is the market-based accounting research hypothesis in context of influence on investors investing in stocks? Another key research question is how the market reacts to reported earnings, as well as the impact of reported earnings on the properties of analysts’ forecasts. These questions, especially the information content of accounting information, can be measured by the influence of the information on security prices. While measuring the influence it is assumed that investors can understand the differences in earnings that are due to differences between accounting methods. In other words, the study is based on efficient market hypothesis or the assumption that stock prices accurately and quickly adapt to all available information and therefore prevent individuals from getting abnormal return. Proposed Research Methodology Sources of Data / Information The study will be both exploratory as well as descriptive and will rely on both primary as well as secondary sources of information. Sampling for Primary Information Primary data will be collected from a sample consisting of both brokers as well as individual and institutional active investors who have invested in equity shares in a few pre-selected companies listed on the US or European stock exchanges. The period of investment will be from 2000-2006 as 6 years is a sufficient time to analyse the impact. These investors will be chosen on the basis of the frequency with which they invest in the securities. Data will be collected by administering questionnaires seeking information on how these investors make an investment decision. Sources of Secondary Information The prime source of secondary data will be: Annual reports of the selected companies under consideration. The variables that will be focused upon will include stock returns, dividends, net income on sale, return of equity, return on asset, debt ratio, interest coverage, current ratio, Price-earning ratio and price. The final report will be supplemented with information from: Literature searches ( refer list of references at the end of the document ) Past articles and research in the area Internet searches: Searching specific data from Yahoo and Google search engine Data Analysis Data will be compiled into data master sheets. The statistical description for all the variables will be presented in a separate table. The various sets of information pooled over the five year period of study will be clearly presented in the table in context of the various variables. The standard deviation and also correlation between the variables and the stock return will be determined and analysed. Correlation will be based on Karl Pearson’s method of correlation. In addition to standard deviation and correlation, regression analysis will also be used for examining the market reaction to reported accounting information. Regression is used for analysis of impact of independent variables on the dependent variable. The dependent variable for regression analysis will be stock returns while the independent variables will be dividends, Net income on Sale, return of equity, return on asset, debt ratio, interest coverage, current ratio, and price-earnings ratio. Regression equations will be solved using Ordinary Least Square method (OLS). Qualitative data gathered from the investors may include opinions of respondents on a certain issues, reasons for certain behaviour and descriptions of certain procedures, practices or perceptions with which the researcher is not familiar. The data can be analysed by classifying all answers into a few categories. References Abeyratna, G, A.A.Lonie, D.M. Power and C.D. Sinclair (1993), The Stock Market Reaction to Dividend Announcements: A UK Study of a Complex Market Signal, University of Dundee. Bonin, Joseph M. and Edward A. Moses (1974), Seasonal Variations in Prices of Individual Dow Jones Industrial Stocks, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Charest, Guy (1978) Dividend Information, Stock Returns and Market Efficiency II, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 6 Dyckman, Thomas R. and Dale Morse (1986), Efficient Capital Markets and Accounting: A Critical Analysis, Prentice-Hall. Foster, Taylor W. and Don Vickrey (1978) The Information Content of Stock Dividend Announcement, Accounting Review. Vol. LIII. No. 2 Kinney, W. (April 1986.), Empirical Accounting Research Design for Ph.D. Students, Accounting Review Kothari, S.P. Capital Markets Research in Accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics Vol. 31 Nos. 1-3 Ross, Stephen A. 1978, The Current Status of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The Journal of Finance, Vol.XXXIII. No. 3 Scholes, Myron S. 1972. The Market for Securities: Substitution versus Price Pressure and the Effects of Information on Share Prices, Journal of Business

Heritage Assessment Essay

The heritage assessment is developed to assist the healthcare provider cultivate a therapeutic relationship and approach in care. The use of this assessment tool provides an informative approach of care for the multiple cultural backgrounds that a provider may come into contact with. Clark, 2002 states, â€Å"A succinct knowledge of trans-cultural or multicultural setting within the healthcare realms is helpful in bolstering efforts towards attaining the primary care role of nursing. Thus, when working in the increasingly multicultural settings, nurses ought to refocus on availing culturally competent care, fully customized in suiting the target patient’s own traditions, cultural values, lifestyle, practices, and beliefs.† This paper is written to examine the health maintenance, restoration and protection decisions between three culturally different families (African American, Asian and Hispanic) and each of their unique values and beliefs associated with their particular ethnic group. Interestingly the result analysis will show that all though three different families presenting with three different origins of origination, traditions, values and beliefs regarding health and wellness as well as beliefs of disease processes share a common core faith and value system towards health maintenance, restoration and the practice of their Christian beliefs. By utilizing the Heritage Assessment Tool that is designed with twenty nine questions that seeks answers to details about the client’s familial relations, cultural background, social supports and religious practices and beliefs. Also, the assessment assists the nurses in the planning, and implementation of customized care, by offering intervention mea sures that are not only suitable on cultural fronts of the client, but also comfortable to administer (Clark, 2002). A positive patient-nurse relationship should be guided by the ideals of mutual respect and understanding of the client’s health beliefs, cultural values and religious aspects of practice. The ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Heritage Assessment Tool details the actual parameters that nurses would use in examining the impacts that cultural settings would have on the patient, by assessing beliefs and dogmas on diseases and wellness. The cultural ties have direct implications on health care administration, including acceptable health promotional messages, preventive care, curative care, and old-age care services (Clark, 2002). Understanding the patient’s beliefs and feelings of health and wellness can assist the nurse providing  care the opportunity to effectively communicate and embrace modes of care. The Health Assessment Tool allows nurses to obtain perfect understanding of the client’s personal views towards health as well as how their value systems or practices af fect the perception of nursing care. (Clark, 2002) By interviewing three ethnicities: Asian, African American and Hispanic cultures an attempt is made to document the impacts of the many different values within the culture that may be associated with healthcare and clinical procedures. From the Asian culture the first family interviewed was a Filipino family. The heritage of the Filipino family is rich in traditions and beliefs as well as strong spiritual philosophies. The family unit among Filipinos remains an integral part of their life. In fact, Filipino families find it irresistible to have regular get-togethers and re-unions, as evidenced by their usual desire to hold ‘handaans’ where they literally invite all relatives for a family gathering. (Bateman, Abesamis-Mendoza, & Ho-Asjoe, 2009) It is not uncommon for â€Å"handaans† to be held once weekly with members of the family reaching out to their relatives. Living conditions for the Filipino families include multiple family members living under one roof. Priority and reverence of the elderly family members living in the home are apparent by watching as to how the younger members of the family dote on and care for their elders. As elderly members of the family progress in age and may be in need of advanced care it is not uncommon for the family members to care for their elder at home versus being confined to a nursing home as this is considered disrespectful and forbidden. The family interviewed claims a Christian based faith and attends regular services of the Catholic doctrine. Even more, in regards to health decisions within Filipino families are completed together with everyone ensuring the wellbeing of the entire family. This being said, some illnesses and mental health issues are seen as an exception to the rule due to the families strong religious beliefs and customary values associated with mental illness and negative spirits that attack one’s body after some way wrong doing the Gods. (Bateman et al., 2009) If a member of the family unit becomes ill the relatives offer emotional and physical support to assist with health restoration. Let’s take  for example, by utilizing traditional Asian treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture and acupressure Filipino families engage in restorative treatments. Often time’s acupressure will be utilized to relieve pain, nausea and depression and by utilizing small needles to specific pinpoint locations of the body acupuncture may be used to treat colds, itching and acute conditions. Herba l medicine assists with health restoration, maintenance and the populace that may be vulnerable. . At home the family enjoys their Asian delicacies; with emphasis on healthy diet to enhance body immunity. The health traditions are maintained across generations through apprenticeship, rituals/cultural events, and mentorships (Bateman et al., 2009). The second family was of the African American decent that was interviewed. Cultural systems of African Americans have been hindered after arriving to the U.S. African American cultural values and beliefs are deeply rooted in Africa, mainly Sub-Saharan African as well as Shelean cultures (Quaye, 2005). Unlike Filipino families, African American family units tend to be more loosely connected and focus more on the annual reunions and get-togethers. It is not uncommon for family members to see each other once a year or for special occasions. As family concerns and issues become apparent contact may be made via a telephone call at which time family members may then provide advice or support. The family interviewed considered themselves to be Baptist and go to church on special occasions stating that they often congregate with others of the same faith outside of the church setting. In regards to healthcare the family sees illness and other health issues as â€Å"getting aged† or jus t growing older. The matriarch of the family is willing to share that they have a strong familial incident of hypertension, cardiac disease and other illnesses that are culturally common within their heritage. Even though the family does not freely talk about illness directly to the affected member of the family it is not uncommon that they discuss it among themselves. Though African American uses mainstream treatment means and therapeutic approaches, health restoration and maintenance is purely based on adherence to a healthy diet. (Quaye, 2005) Life sustainment and  prolonged treatment may be sought during times of terminal illness but depending on economical standing may be averted. Medical support systems and preventative care are occasionally sought after within the community setting during health fairs for screenings for illnesses such as prostate and breast cancer during the onset of old age. The health traditions are retained through kingship and extended social networks where close and extended families pass on treatment traditions and beliefs across generations (Quaye, 2005). The last family interviewed was of Hispanic decent and unlike the Filipino and African American families has very little contact with their relatives as most immediate and extended family members live in Mexico. Although the family can contact each other via phone and social media they rarely visit in person due to crossing the border. The family practices Catholicism and attends mass on a regular basis. Further, the interviewed family, like other Mexican families, views the cause of illness or diseases as jealousy against others or due to resulting imbalance between cold and hot. (West, 2005) Herbal remedies and treatments are a common Mexican health tradition to fend off the illness and keep the sick family member warm and the use of oil is utilized to ensure the patient is protected from dehydration. It is not uncommon for the family to use traditional cures for heath restoration such as Curanderos or conditional care for illnesses such as diabetes. Home remedies are often passed down from generation to generation. During chronic conditions, health restoration and maintenance may be done through conventional treatment, but only after the mother convinces the father the importance of doing so (West, 2005). In conclusion, the three immigrant families show distinctive ideas and beliefs of traditional health maintenance and wellness after arriving the U.S but it can be seen that they share a common belief in faith as indicating their value systems towards restoration and feel they are protected by their Christian faith .When planning for wellness and health maintenance as well as restorative care it is important to consider family background, beliefs, values regarding the ailment and develop interventional measures that observes specific traditions as well as cultural and religious values. References Bateman, W., Abesamis-Mendoza, N., & Ho-Asjoe, H. (2009). Praeger Handbook of Asian American Health: Taking Notice and Taking Action, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO publishers. Clark, C. C. (2002). Health Promotion in Communities: Holistic and Wellness Approaches. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company. Quaye, R. (2005). African Americans’ Health Care Practices, Perspectives, and Needs. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America. West, J. (2005). Mexican-American Folklore. Armonk, NY: august house

Childhood Obesity Essay

The childhood obesity crisis is an epidemic that not only touches the lives of people in the United States, but it affects the lives of those all around the world. In a society where childhood obesity is a major health care concern, many do not understand the complexity of this issue whereas others just seem to ignore it. Publically it seems to fall at the wayside when it is discussed in conjunction with many of the world’s other problems. So many young children struggle with this problem as the rates of childhood obesity have increased. Childhood obesity can be defined as any child between the ages of 2 through 19 that have exceeded the 95th percentile of the Body Mass Index (BMI) in comparison of those in their peer group. BMI measures height, weight, waist circumference and skinfold to determine the amount of fat a person is storing. Today, nearly one-third of children and adolescents are overweight or obese and face major health concerns in the future (Ogden, Carroll, Curtin, Lamb, & Flegal, 2010). Contributors to the obesity problem are unhealthy eating, derived from a poor diet or eating too much, not enough physical activity, and lack of information on this subject. There is not enough being done to combat this complex issue and measures have not been taken to prevent this from happening in the future. If parents are educated about what childhood obesity is, what causes it, how it causes low self-esteem, why it is such an important topic, what they can do to decrease the risk of this issue, and how this affects their children as they grow into adults, then the number of obese children will decrease in time. There is not a single specific reason as to why childhood obesity occurs. It can stem from genetics, medical conditions, medicine taken, social behavior, mental status, environment, and demographics. For example, some medicines that are used to treat seizures can decrease the body’s ability to burn calories and medical conditions such as hypothyroidism slows down the body’s metabolism, one of the main functions needed to maintain a healthy weight. An example of a mental health condition is as a result of how people become anxious, upset, or stressed and turn to overeating for escape of their problems. Obesity can also derive from our genetic code (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Just as genes determine the color of our hair, eyes, the dimples in our cheeks, they also contribute to the amount of fat you store and where you store it. The way foods are processed and chemically altered can cause genes to mutate, altering the way children grow, process, and store products consumed. According to a study conducted by Jane Wardel, Susan Carnell, Claire Haworth and Robert Plomin(2008), there is a strong influence between obesity in children and their genes. Furthermore, it states that the onset of this epidemic has not changed the results, it only verifies that obesity is a health concern. It shows that the environment plays a small part in this health care issue but the genetic codes given to us by our family increases a child’s risk of becoming obese. It is impossible to change our genetic code; however, long term weight control and community involvement are needed to decrease obesity in children that have this high genetic risk. This can have other adverse affects as children fall victim to low self-esteem. Of the reasons given, one cause does not overshadow the other as they all can affect the livelihood of our children. Reasons listed above prove there should be great concern on any occasion; however there is an emphasis on the lack of attaining insight to and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This pivotal point of controlling a healthy lifestyle is most likely the key essential part to preventing childhood obesity and overall well being (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). Today, we live in a society where physical appearance is a vital part of everyday living. Through media and social acceptance, children are lead to believe that you can obtain the highest level of beauty by being thin. This acceptance can alter self perception and cause a serious issue in self-esteem. Self-esteem is an important because its outcome will shape the rest of their lives. It has influence on how they act, their mental health, their interaction with society, how they engage with their peers, and how they feel about themselves. It is already difficult that children have to go through the phases of life to get to adulthood, but when you add obesity into it, the results may be negative. During the elementary and secondary school education phase, children are required to participate in physical activities that many obese children cannot succeed in due to their weight. These children become humiliated and become withdrawn beginning the decline in grades. Obese children are often times the center of ridicule by their peers as well as adults, and as a result, making it difficult to have social interaction due to fear of embarrassment. They are unable to establish personal relationships because the feeling of criticism and failure lowering self-esteem. Personal relationships are vital for development as humans need to receive accolades from each other because they make us feel satisfied, self-confident and valuable. Being obese has a negative effect where those plagued with issue are made to feel inferior to those that judge and even themselves. Self perception can become such a severe issue that many turn to suicide (Paxton, 2005). If parents do not encourage their children in changing their diets and increasing physical activity as an obese youth, these same children are more likely to transcend their weight complications in to adulthood. There are several reasons why childhood obesity occurs and if it is not controlled at an early stage then there are many negative consequences that may occur in that child’s life. It has been estimated that about 26 to 41 percent of obese preschool children grew up to be obese adults, and approximately 42 to 63 percent of obese school-age children grew to be obese adults (Serdula, Ivery, Coates, Freedman, Williamson & Byers, 1993). In addition to increasing the risk of obesity in adulthood, childhood obesity has been known to cause pediatric hypertension, Type II diabetes, risks of coronary heart disease, creates stress on the weight-bearing joints, lowers self-esteem, and affects relationships with peers (U.S. Surgeon General, 2001). If untreated, these preventable health risks are more likely to transfer in to adulthood, become severe, and even result in death. This issue cannot be tackled by one person alone, it is the responsibility of everyone to make this an important topic and spread it throughout the masses. Preventing childhood obesity is important because this is one of the many growing epidemics that humans can prevent. This public health problem has forced the government to intervene in everyday household affairs to assist parents in reinforcing positive choices. Believe it or not, but the government plays a huge role in this national public health crisis. They give guidance, support and information vital to making this epidemic a national priority. In their proven commitment to eliminating this problem, they have changed policies, provided funding, created programs and made this problem their life’s issue. They have also given workforce incentives and have monitored the outcome of the policies and programs put in place. Childhood obesity continues to place a strain on the economy as youth projects such as Lets Move, Making it Happen and The School Nutrition Foundation, have been mandatorily created in order for families to be aware of and become involved in the prevention of childhood obesity. The U. S. Food Stamp Program has taken the initiative to explore adding $227 per month to help low income families purchase fresh fruits and vegetables. Many states have also provided incentives for citizens that promote healthier behaviors. States such as California and New Jersey have local incentive programs that give tax deductions to those that ride their bikes or economically sound vehicles to work. There are also incentives that match funds used to create nutrition education and physical activities programs within the workplace. Health care cost continue to sky rocket as $147 billion is used to provide preventive, diagnostic, and treatment services related to obesity (Finkelstein, 2009). It has been shown that if left untreated, obese children will grow in to obese adults and this also poses a strain on the economy. Obesity related disorders can cause loss of work resulting in many seeking public assistance due to their disabilities. It stops economy productivity as 39.3 million days of work have been lost due to obesity related illnesses (Wolf, Colditz, 1998). Beginning the practice of healthy eating and increasing physical activity at a young age will equip children for success and teach them that maintaining a healthy lifestyle will give them a better and brighter future. Parents are the first line of defense in the prevention of this health problem which is why it is so important to maintain constant influence on their children. Naturally children seem to follow in the same footsteps and the same patterns as their parents. With that being said, if a child has overweight parents, and their parents have a sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits, their children are more likely to become obese. This idea also works the same way if the parents have an active lifestyle and practice healthy eating habits. They have a very difficult decision to make when it comes to healthy choices. The current state of our economy leaves low income families having to choose between food that is affordable versus food that is high in nutritional content. They also have a difficult decision to make when it comes to their mobility practices. Fast food establishments target â€Å"on the go† families with drive-thrus designed to be fast pace. The problem with this is, they serve sweet, over-processed, and fatty foods that normally have low to no nutritional content. Parents are often plagued with the focus of work and maintaining the household that they will find different means of keeping their children occupied, and often too many times that consist of watching television or playing games. Children participating in sedentary activities are acceptable for a small period of time, but the emphasis on physical activity needs to take place in their everyday lives. There are several different ways parents can help their children prevent or stop childhood obesity. They can start by taking small steps to influence a healthier lifestyle. Expecting anyone, let alone children, to change their eating habits overnight is unrealistic. Give the children goals such as eating fresh fruits and vegetables one serving more than they did the day before or going to the park and increasing their play time from a half hour to a full hour. Praise them for staying on the course, but do not reward them with junk food. Although it is acceptable to serve high caloric, sweet, and fatty foods in moderation, you do not want the children to fall back into their old habits. Trying to be creative and positive is another helpful step. This will help the children want to be proactive in staying healthy and making good decisions. Lastly, be understanding. Like with any lifestyle change it takes some getting used to. If any of the methods listed do not work for a specific lifestyle, parents should not be afraid to try a different regimen altogether or modify the current one (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). In conclusion, the ultimate goal is to stop childhood obesity in an effective and timely manner. The information given throughout this paper has given you an idea on the severity of this issue if unresolved. Parents, schools, and communities around the world have an equal responsibility in fighting this matter. If this epidemic continues on this same path, the outcome will result in obese children becoming obese adults; therefore repelling them from all the benefits that a healthy life style has to offer. A certain level of understanding about childhood obesity must be attained through education, its causes, how to decrease its risks, its effects on adolescents as they become adults, and the importance on exploring this diverse topic. Along with this understanding, there must be acknowledgment of how our society, social practices, diets, and how physical activities contribute to this health issue. Childhood obesity continues to dramatically increase, and has done so in just a short period of time. It prolongs everlasting effects on the economy, in families, in social practices, and in communities around the globe. References Finkelstein, EA, Trogdon, JG, Cohen, JW, and Dietz, W. Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: Payer- and service-specific estimates. Health Affairs 2009; 28(5): w822-w831. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/causes/economics.html June 2010 Ogden, C L. (2010). Prevalence of Obesity Among Children and Adolescents: United States, Trends 1963–1965 Through 2007–2008. Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys Ogden, C.L., Carroll, M.D., Curtin, L.R., Lamb, M.M., and Flegal, K.M. (2010). Prevalence of high body mass index in US children and adolescents, 2007-2008. JAMA. 303(3):242-249. Pearce, Jamie and Witten, Karen. Geographies of Obesity: Environmental Understandings of the Obesity Epidemic. 2010 Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. 1993 Mar; 22(2):167-66. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8483856. U.S. Surgeon General. Overweight and Obesity: Health Consequences. Rockville: MD; 2001. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/fact_consequences.htm Wolf AM, Colditz GA. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obesity Research.1998;6(2):97–106 Paxton, HL. The Effects of Childhood Obesi ty On Self-Esteem (2005) U.S. Department of Health and

Mold essays

Mold essays In my science experiment, it will be discussing, if mold grows faster in dark, wet or warm climate. I will be testing it with cheese. In my experiment I will be using the space in my house to test this. I will be putting some cheese in the basement. For the wet it will be put in a plastic bag with water in it. For the warm the cheese will be put in my garage for the experiment. Mold is a type of fungus that often grows on food. Like mushrooms, mildews, and other fungi, molds have no chlorophyll- the green coloring matter that plants use to make food. Molds live on food made by plants or animals, or on decaying matter. Some molds live as parasite on animals, plants, or other fungi. Many common molds can grow on bread, fruit, and other food. The black bread mold often forms a cottony, soft, white growth on damp bread. The mold gets its name from the dark-colored spores (tiny reproductive bodies) that it soon reproduces. A group molds known as the blue molds also may grow in bread. A green mold often grows on various types of cheeses. Other molds, called water molds, are found in water and soil. Molds develop from spores. When a spore of the black bread mold settles on damp food, it swells and begins to grow by producing tiny hyphae. Hypha means threads. The hyphae form a tangled mass called a mycelium, which turn produces aerial hypae called stolons. Root like structures known as rhizoids anchor the stolons in the food. As the black bread mold matures, many upright fruiting bodies form above the rhizoids. Each fruiting body has a spore case called a sporangium, at its end. A sporangium looks like a miniature pinhead and contains thousands of spores. When the spore case matures and breaks open, the spores are carried away by air currents. These spores may settle on damp foods and grow, starting the reproduction cycle over again. Some molds, such as Penicillium, produce chains of spores at the tips of certain hyphae, called con ...

Sociology of religion Essays

Sociology of religion Essays Sociology of religion Essay Sociology of religion Essay Critically Evaluate Stark s Theory of Religion in Light of Primary and Secondary Beginnings Rodney Stark, a modern-day mind on the Sociology of Religion, has been seen to dispute the widely accepted position that secularization is happening within modern society. By looking at his theory of faith based on Rational Choice Theory we can see how he proposes that Religion is a necessary construct for society, which is improbable to vanish. Many theoreticians have concluded that Stark s theory is unequal for a figure of grounds. Through close scrutiny of his theories, and of contemplations made by minds such as Steve Bruce, a critical rating of Stark s theory can be made. Stark s theory on faith has many facets to it, but a focal point on his impression of reason in peculiar, and its defects with respects to faith, will take to a clear thought of the worthiness of his theory. Stark s theory of faith is chiefly outlined in a figure of his Hagiographas. Most notably his remarks in The Future of Religion show a clear overview of his general premises on why spiritual beliefs are held. Although his theory has been criticised for being excessively reductive, Stark puts frontward that cut downing general phenomena to a basic theory is something all theoretician should draw a bead on to make. These ideas are similar to the thoughts of William of Ockham. [ 1 ] Stark shows his theory to be reductionist by utilizing simple premises to asseverate his place. He uses said premises to exemplify a hypothesis, based mostly on economical footings, of why faith is followed by so many and will go on to be followed. The first premiss begins to give ground for faith by proposing that humans seek what they perceive to be wagess and seek to avoid what they perceive to be costs. [ 2 ] This positivist attack to human behavior leads on to propose that faith offers wagess and compensators that co-inside with basic demands and desires. Such wagess are things that worlds want but can non be gained any other manner than through faith. The thought of a compensator is that if a wages can non be given instantly so an false IOU can be given in the average clip. Compensators give people a solution to concerns they have such as what happens when they die. Merely faith can give such compensators with the promise of life after decease, this is where Stark claims the supernatural will ever be needed and explains why faith will ever be about. As worlds we will ever seek certain things that can merely be given to us through belief in a supernatural being who offers compensators for inquiries that can non be answer ed instantly. Stark uses this trust on the supernatural to demo why Churches that have become excessively broad have falling attending Numberss where more fundamentalist Churches with higher costs and, hence, larger wagess have lifting attending Numberss. He besides uses this thought to demo that secularism is self-limiting as the more it occurs, the more necessary fundamentalist faith becomes. [ 3 ] Stark states rational histrions will prefer more demanding Churches because they offer a more favorable cost/benefit ratio. [ 4 ] It is this accent on the Rational Choice concluding behind faith that many theoretician have such an issue with. Stark supposes that all spiritual followings are believing rationally, strictly about what they will derive from following a faith. Where it might be possible to explicate people s economic penchants and passing wonts in footings of cost-effectiveness is it truly possible to cut down something every bit complex as spiritual belief to such a rigorous, rational account? In support of Stark, his theory does give a plausible account for why broad Protestantism has declined in recent old ages and periphery faiths such as the Church of jesus christ of latter-day saintss have grown. If people are believing rationally, harmonizing to Stark, they will seek a faith that gives them the highest wagess, something, which the Mormon Church appears to make. Stark has predicted that by the twelvemonth 2080, the figure of followings of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints ( Mormons ) will hold risen to something between 60,000,000 and 265,000,000. [ 5 ] If this does happen so Mormonism will be seen as one of the universe s major religions alongside Catholicism and Islam. This will back up Stark s belief that as secularization begins to happen new, more utmost, faiths with a higher accent on the occult will originate in order to give people the wagess and compensators that they desire. Although the addition in Mormonism holds up Stark s theory it is non sufficient plenty to state that it was rational pick and the demand for wagess and compensators that led to the rise. There may be many other grounds for the rise of Mormonism such as spiritual learning in American schools or merely the fact that it is an appealing faith, which makes sense to people irrespective of what they will derive in the manner of wagess. Further to this, Steve Bruce finds Stark s back uping grounds to be invalid. He says that Stark makes much of the diminution of Liberal Protestant Churches to back up his claims but pursues some instead Byzantine concluding to convey this into compatibility with his theory. [ 6 ] He besides claims that a considerable organic structure of grounds on church rank and attending shows that major British denominations are merely a coevals off from unsnarling. [ 7 ] Bruce argues that there is no mark of any spiritual phenomenon to make full the infinite. Britain is so going layman [ 8 ] this along with him saying that the growth of Mormons is non plenty to turn out Stark s theory [ 9 ] refutes Stark s belief that faith will ever be necessary and evident in society. Bruce is able to utilize Church history to demo how Stark s supply side position of faiths as viing for followings, like market economic systems, is non an bing and necessary characteristic. Stark suggests that secularization will neer happen if Churches continue to vie by utilizing wagess to lure rational minds. He says that competition consequences in eager and efficient providers of faith merely as it does among providers of secular trade goods, and with the same consequences: far higher degrees of overall ingestion. [ 10 ] However, Bruce shows that before the reformation there was one Church, organised on a national parish construction, which glorified God on behalf of, and provided spiritual offices for, the full people [ 11 ] connoting that faiths do non necessitate to vie in order to avoid secularization. Callum Brown supports Bruce s findings by proposing that a transition that occurred in 1970/80s constituted a recrafting of what being spiritual and faith consisted of. [ 12 ] This displacement gave people more pick to travel out and pick faiths or take godlessness, it was non the outgrowth of competing faiths which led to more assortment but an outgrowth of new societal activity and individuality. And it was this new epoch of faith that left a immense sum of room for evangelism. Through this we begin to see that although Stark gives justification and grounds for his theory, such grounds may be inaccurate or merely non applicable. Bruce advises that Stark s rational attack would merely work in a thoroughly secular society since faith is non a trade good so should non be seen as one. He believes that such economic based theoretical accounts of faith fail to present what they promise and obscure more than they illuminate. [ 13 ] It is besides extremely improbable that spiritual establishments would partake in such competition in the same manner that concerns would alter their merchandise to accommodate the consumer. Another unfavorable judgment made by Bruce is that the theory contains unneeded premises, which stem from its reductionism, cut downing spiritual beliefs to this-worldly considerations and from the interpretative distance between Stark-Bainbridge and the histrions whose beliefs and behavior they seek to explicate. [ 14 ] From this sentence Bruce is seting frontward that Stark is pretermiting the fact that many spiritual beliefs and desires lie beyond rational differentiation. Stark s theory is besides really American and his generalizations appear to disregard the obvious cultural differences that can be seen between and within faiths. Such major cultural differences show how Stark s theory can non be applicable to all people, since if his theory were right every individual would want to be a member of the same, one, faith that offered the highest wagess at the least cost. However, there are many faiths that offer small wagess at great costs but still have many followings. Another cardinal mind, Stephen Sharot, supports Bruce s claims that Rational Choice theory can non be generalised as a ground for why all spiritual people hold a belief. He looks at this Rational Choice theoretical account of faith from a Weberian position and finds farther troubles to back up Bruce s concerns. He demonstrates that Weber wrote that a big portion of human behavior fell into a traditional or accustomed class, which, as routinized and unthinking, implied that small or non pick was involved. [ 15 ] Sharot besides shows that Weber put forward a differentiation between different types of rational actions, which Stark fails to make. These points illustrate that Stark s theory does non let for differences as it tries to cut down human behavior to a grade that appears to be excessively utmost. His premise that all people seem to follow a rational pick theoretical account when taking a faith seems erroneous when conveying in the thought of cultural relativism. It is more than evident that different civilizations hold spiritual beliefs for changing grounds and therefore it is impossible to generalize that all spiritual belief stems from the same demand for wagess and compensators. For case, western spiritual civilizations are far more concerned with wagess for the present such as fiscal stableness and material goods. Whereas, Indian spiritual followings will be focused more on wagess that they will gain for the following life due to their belief in reincarn ation. Here we see that Stark s theory lacks credibleness, as it can non be applied universally. Besides, his theory does non let for the fact that there are, and ever have been, atheists. He neglects the fact that some people see abstaining from spiritual belief as far more rational than believing, even if they were to derive wagess. In order to antagonize the statement made by his coevalss that Rational Choice is subjective and can non be assumed to use to all worlds, particularly with respects to faith, Stark puts frontward a new premiss. Within the bounds of their information and apprehension, restricted by available options, guided by their penchants and gustatory sensations, worlds attempt to do rational picks. [ 16 ] Through this Stark shows a new thought of reason where he accepts that persons have limited information and varying penchants. This definition of human behavior more than allows for cultural fluctuations in spiritual belief. He besides states that persons such as Mother Tersesa violate the rule of reason merely if we adopt a really narrow, mercenary and wholly egoistic definition of wagess. [ 17 ] These comments appear to queer remarks made by people such as Bruce who thought Stark s theory ignored the fact that possibly non all worlds desired this-worldly things. However, his theory still ap pears to miss room for the predication that possibly people truly have strong beliefs based on religion entirely and non formulated through rational thought about what wagess or compensators they will derive. Or as Bruce puts it they assume that the promises of faith can non be desired for their ain interest, but merely as a replacement for something else. [ 18 ] To measure Stark s theory in visible radiation of Bruce s remarks it is necessary to look at the chief points behind Bruce s statements. Bruce notes three chief failings in Stark s theory ; his conceptualization of wagess and compensators, his underlying attack to account and the reading of the grounds presented for the theory. [ 19 ] He sees the thought of wagess and compensators as a tautology as although they appear to be separate things, they are besides shown to be reliant on each other. With this defect in the really rudimentss of his theory, even if the grounds to endorse it up were dependable, it does non stand much land in Bruce s sentiment. Bruce farther refutes Stark s thought that we all make rational picks with respects to religion by proposing that no 1, in fact, knows what the rational pick would be so can non do it. [ 20 ] Bruce believes that Stark s usage of rationalism is a weak statement as a theory for faith. Yes it can, and should be assumed that people act rat ionally. It should besides be held that in most cases people will move to derive wagess at the lowest cost, but neither of these points lead straight to the premise that this is the cause for faith. Bruce so asserts from this that Stark s theory is not a theory of faith, merely a theory about what faith is or does for some people at some times. [ 21 ] Emphasis should be given to Bruce s usage of some people and sometimes. If Stark s theory is merely applicable to what faith is in some state of affairss so it is non able to be universalised and Bruce shows why this is a job. Stark brings frontward his thoughts in such a manner that suggests they can be generalised across all people and civilizations but Bruce illuminates the jobs with Stark s theory to show how this is wrong. Such defects in Stark s statement once more, conveying into the inquiry the pertinence of his theory to spiritual attitudes. From the aforesaid points we can see that, although Stark s theory appears to be logical, it lacks sufficient concrete grounds. Stark s usage of reason is tenuous since it is unlogical to use the same theory for something every bit rigorous as economic sciences to something as complex and irrational as faith. Stark does set frontward grounds to heighten his theory but Bruce shows how this is deficient. Through Bruce s review of Stark s theory we can do a clear rating of the worthiness of Stark s theory. Although the theory itself is interesting and obliging it is non equal plenty to be used as a cosmopolitan theory for why all people follow faiths. Bibliography Callum G. Brown, The Death of Christian Briatin ( Routledge 2002 ) Steve Bruce, Choice and Relgion: a Critique of Rational Choice Theory ( Oxford University Press 1999 ) Stephen Sharot, Critique of Rational Choice Theory from a Weberian and Comparative Religions Perspective ( hypertext transfer protocol: //findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SOR/is_4_63/ai_96254890/ ? tag=content ; col1- accessed on 01DEC09 ) Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, The Future of Religion ( University of California Press 1985 ) Rodney Stark and William Sims Bainbridge, A Theory of Religion ( Rutgers University Press 1996 ) Roy Wallis and Steve Bruce, The Stark-Bainbridge Theory of Religion: A Critical Analysis and Counter Proposals ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jstor.org/pss/3711319 accessed on 11DEC09 ) Rodney Stark Rationality in, Willi Braun and Russell T McCutcheon, Guide to The Study of Religion ( Contium International Publishing Group Ltd 1999 ) Rodney Stark and Roger Finke, Acts of Faith ( University of California Press 2000 ) Steve Bruce, God is Dead: Secularization in the West ( Blackwell 2002 ) Claudia Bushman, Contemporary Mormonism: Latter Day Saints in Modern America ( Preager Publishers 2006 ) Stark, A Theory of Religion, p26 Stark, The Future of Religion, p5 Stark, The Future of Religion, p6ff Stark, Acts of Faith, p22 Claudia Bushman, Contemporary Mormonism, p1 Bruce, Choice and Religion, p38 Bruce, God is Dead, p60 Bruce, God is Dead, p60 Bruce, God is Dead, p71 Stark, Guide to The Study of Religion, p257 Bruce, God is Dead, p61 Brown, Death of Christian Britain, p37 Bruce, Religion and Rational Choice, p194 Bruce, The Stark Bainbridge Theory of Religion, p11 Sharot, Critique of Rational Choice Stark, Guide to Study of Religion, p248 Stark, Guide to Study of Religion, p249 Bruce, Choice and Religion, p33 Bruce, Choice and Religion, p32 Bruce, Choice and Religion, p129 Bruce, Choice and Religion, p37

Advances in Biomedicine and the Possibility of the Manipulation of Assignment

Advances in Biomedicine and the Possibility of the Manipulation of Human Existence - Assignment Example Furthermore, this means that health-related matters are routinely objectified as technical problems to be solved through the application of technology and the conduct of science and are therefore decontextualized into practice (Lock & Nguyen 2). It is apparent that the innovations in biomedical technology bring forth benefits that could aid in the improvement of the health and the life of human beings; however, it is a fact that human existence and life itself is threatened by the increased risk and probability of technological intervention and manipulation. Others may term it as the science of â€Å"playing god†. This paper deems to explore the implications of Biomedical Technology as guided by the work of Ray Kurzweil entitled, The Singularity is near: when Humans Transcend Biology and the Message of Pope John Paul II to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on Evolution highlighting that Truth Cannot Contradict Truth. The Singularity is near in the lieu of the Message to the P ontifical Academy of Sciences Evolution has been an interesting subject matter in the field of science particularly Biomedical Technology. Kurzweil envisioned in his work entitled, The Singularity is near: when Humans Transcend Biology, a new evolutionary process that aims to integrate man and machine (1-652). It is highlighted that the knowledge and skills entrenched in our brains will be merged with the immeasurably superior capacity, speed and knowledge-sharing capability of human innovations (Kurzweil 1-652). The age of the Internet was also predicted in the aforementioned work; he even mentioned that technological innovations have emerged at accelerating rates in recent years, while information technology capabilities such as cost performance, speed, capacity and bandwidth grow at exponential rates faster than the forecast of Moore’s Law (Kurzweil 1-652). It is obvious that one of the principal goals of brain science is to produce an artificial brain. This was very contr oversial for many groups advocating human ethics. The author of this paper believes that such innovation could lead to tremendous and a variety of debates. It may be deemed that this is such advancement on the part of science but nonetheless, the values imbibed in the nature of human beings must be taken into consideration. It is necessary for people to give due respect to what the Divine Providence has created and provided. As what Pope John Paul II stressed in his message to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences on evolution that truth cannot contradict truth (Pope John Paul II). Conversely, it was mentioned by Pope John Paul II that the reflection on science of the third millennium commenced with the identification of the principal problems brought about by science and which affect humanity’s future though the solutions to such predicaments were also pointed out which will be beneficial to the whole human community in the aspects of life and health (Pope John Paul II). For ex ample, in the book entitled, Stem Cell Wars: inside stories from the Frontlines written by Herold and Daley (1-256) which tackled fascinating stories of stem cell research and its benefits on mankind. It divulged how stem cell research had benefited humans in terms of developing cures to certain diseases such as muscular dystrophy (Herold and Daley 1-256). In another book entitled, The Language of Life: DNA and the Revolution in Personalized Medicine written by Collins (1-368) that explores the possibility of completing the interpretation of the

Business simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business simulation - Essay Example Flipping a coin and rolling a dice give possible outcomes of a finite set. A discrete distribution is thus described by the finite possible outcomes sets, which describe a discrete distribution. Test results defining fail or pass and natures of parts demarcated by types or numbers are also examples of discrete distributions. When the possible numbers of outcomes are indeterminable, a continuous distribution occurs. For instance the time taken during a journey is a depiction of a continuous distribution because different marginal times are taken for different parts of the journey same as the time consumed in undertaking a manual activity. In these cases however much time may be similar, when further condensed into decimal place measurements, differences are inevitably notable. Distributions usually have finite lower and upper limits implying that they can be bounded. It is possible creating one’s own distributions with SIMUL8 using provided definite classical statistical distributions. This is a continuous distribution that is bounded on the lower limit and is used in the representation of the timings between the occurrences of breakdowns and timings between unsystematic occurrences, such as arrival times into the system, where there is random distribution and independence of the arrival sequences. The lower bounding of this discrete distribution is 0 and it is used where the instance of the reoccurrence of an event is known in the case where a single trial is repeated over and over, for example in deciphering the number of items requisitioned in an inventory or items on a batch. Is a Geometric distribution bounded on the lower limit at 0 and is useful in independent trial cases to return the total failures numbers before realization of success, and is usable in controlling ticketing problems, marketing survey returns and in meteorological models. This is a continuous distribution that has bounding on the lower limit and is used in generation