Three Cups of Tea Essays -- Literary Analysis, Greg Mortenson, Oliver

Three Cups of Tea is a book written by Greg Mortenson and Oliver Relin. It centers on Mortensons journey to come on instills in Pakistan. When Mortenson ended up in Korphe after an attempt on the climb of K2, Mortenson was in the direction of haji Ali. Mortenson promised to work out a school in Korphe after cultivation that Korphe did not have a school. Since then, hadji Ali became a large cast in Mortensons life story and his mission in the Korphe school.Haji Ali, the promontory of Korphe, first met Mortenson when he landed in Korphe after he failed climb up K2. He took care of Mortenson letting him rest and giving him tea. When Haji ali told Mortenson that Korphe had no school and that the Pakistani government didnt prove a teacher, Mortenson promised to build a school for all the things Haji Ali did for him back in Korphe (Relin and Mortenson 31-33). He showed Mortenson the way of life in Pakistan, and the things need to be done in order to build the school. While Mort enson was away, Haji Ali discussed the school in Korphe. He told Mortenson that they have to build a twosome (Relin and Mortenson 97). Mortenson was angry, not angry with the villagers in Korphe, but angry with himself for not planning better. How else would they carry the supplies needed for the school? With Haji Alis advice of building a bridge, Mortenson stayed in Korphe until he tacit everything that needs to be done in order to build the school. Haji Ali was the one that proposed every healthy man in the village to convey a hand in carrying the cable and stones to Korphe to starting building the bridge (Relin and 114). Sooner or later with everybodys help, the bridge has been built with the stretch out(a) plank put in place by Haji Ali (Relin and Mortenson 123). afterward the b... ...bided the education of girls and the construction of the school. Mortenson learned to respect the ways of the Balti people when Haji Ali told him about the lesson of the three cups of tea. He now knows to trust the local villagers when it comes to finding another location for a new school by expiration to places where he already had contacts with. Mortenson learned from Haji Ali not to go anywhere in Pakistan without the hospitality of a village chief. Finally, Haji Alis last words taught Mortenson to listen to the children, as in to think of them when continuing to build more schools. With all the lessons Haji Ali taught Mortenson, Mortenson is now more effective with dealing with locals in the region resulting in being more effective as the director of CAI. Everyone needs someone like Haji Ali in their life to potentially succeed in whatever the mission life brings.

Review sheet

Infrastructure such as roads and electricity Is only completed In some aras. Whats a growth magnetic pole? An urban center targeted for nurture of key economic and mixer fundament to promote regional economic break-dancement ( roads, electric grids, schools, markets, and medical facilities) brazil-nut tree Chapters 13 &038 15 What atomic number 18 the historical, economic, and cultural factors which make Braziers Atlantic coastal plain region different from the rest of modern-day Brazil? From where and why did Brazil move its upper-case letter to Brasilia in the sass? strategical reasons ROI De Jeanine is on the coastline and they wanted to move the capital inland n illustration of an Invasion. It Is much easier to defend a capital Inland because you keep much time to prep be versus a capital that Is on the shore. to Develop the effect of Brazil. Until the construction of Brasilia, there wasnt anything there. The central region of Brazil was totally rudimentary as the population lived mostly along the coastline. They figure that if they moved the capital inland, good deal would move there and develop that atomic number 18a.They were proved right incident shaped the social &038 economic geographics of the region? backwoods slews of drought, rolling hills, mountainous Be able to locate the areas of Brazil in which populations are either mostly European or African (in wrong of origins) the majority European population is in the far south Braziers youthful external policy has been to promote a polytechnic world what does that blind drunk? IA world n which one or two countries cannot dominate worldwide affairs (as was the case during the Cold War). What is the nature of U.S-Brazil relations? Latin the Statesn Socio-Economic Development Chapter 16 Whats the difference mingled with Rosters Stages of Economic Development and the dependence Theory proposed by Latin American economists? Roosts Says that they are unretentive because they are n ot fully integrated into the spheric delivery. Dependency theory Argues that countries are poor because of how they were integrated into the world economy. Are there any geographic patterns to development in Latin America? If so, what are they? What might be the explanations for these patterns?Whats the difference (in terms of advantages &038 weaknesses) mingled with the here and now- substitution model of economic development and the export-led growth model? too discussed in Chapter 18 Import-substitution a country should attempt to develop as much of its industrial opacity as possible internally, without depending on foreign imports + creates Jobs, protectionism - protectionism leads to dynamic inefficiency domestic producers have no incentive from foreign competitors to reduce costs or improve products impedes growth through poor allocation of resources effect on exchange rates harms exports.Export-led growth a trade and economic policy aiming to speed up the industrializati on exercise of a country by exporting goods for which the nation has a comparative advantage - less economic diversification subsidies for specific industries runs a venture of encouraging the wrong industries What are the Washington Consensus and structural adjustment plans and how are they related? A set of free market economic ideas, support by economists and international organizations, like the MIFF, the World Bank, the EX. and the US advocates free trade, vagrant exchange rates, free markets and macroeconomic stability.What is meant by internal regional specialization (in terms of development)? In particular country are greater than between countries Mexico and Brazil The Pampas (&038 Southern Cone) Chapter 17 Where are the Pampas? (be able to locate) Why is Buenos random-access memory often strikered to as the Paris of South America? Its architecture is influenced by European architecture and rich European heritage In which ship canal is urban primacy evident in the Sou thern Cone (Ar curse wordina, Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay)?Argentina Buenos tup Chile Santiago Paraguay Asuncion Uruguay Montevideo Which technological advancements changed the country economy of the pampas and Argentina in general? What are the physical and human geographics factors behind the robust wine industries in Chile and Argentina? Latin America and the Global Economy Chapter 18 What are some of the problems associated with dependency on a few primary commodity exports? How does Chiles physical geography &038 location provide it comparative advantage in the export of agricultural products?Many countries in South America are dependent on commodities and looking toward economic diversification. In which shipway can diversification be understood? Numerous vs.. FETA What is going on here in the contender between these two visions of free trade in the Americas? What is the role of mainland China in the Latin American economic boom of the sass? How does Latin Americas growing middle class further integrate the region into the global economy? The amazon wash-hand basin is what type of physical feature? Which 5 countries have significant land area in the basin?What are some reasons why there is global interest in defend the Amazon rainforests? What are the main drivers of deforestation in the Amazon Basin? What were some of the resource booms of the past which affected natural and human systems in the Amazon? What have been the primary objectives of Brazilian government projects in the Amazon region (e. G. March to the West, growth poles, road building)? Latin American Diaspora Chapter 20 What are terms employ to describe the Latin American Diaspora in the U. S.? How have these terms caused confusion?Hispanic- most widely used in the eastern US states Latino- most widely used in the West and middle west of the US Chicane- a term used by Mexican political activists lots of Aztec and messiest pride associated with this term Hispanic- used by the Spanis h speaking natives of the Upper ROI Grandee Valley in new-fangled Mexico and Colorado. Which areas in the U. S. Are home to large Latin American populations and why? typically the southwestern US is home to large Mexican populations, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, California, New York, Florida, Illinois have the largest Hispanic population stretching from Texas to California.They settled in the areas that at a time used to be a part of Mexico. Mexican workers and immigrants also reached the Midwest in small numbers. Areas with Jobs in agriculture, manufacturing, construction work To which other countries have Latin Americans tended to migrate and why? Spain, Italy ,UK, Germany, Portugal From Student Presentations Cooling Christians intro who were the Sandiness and why did the U. S oppose them? Sandiness a social democratic political political party in Nicaragua the U.S opposed them because they were afraid that they were going to become a Cuban- hyphen communist government alli ed and Reagan wanted to prevent the spread of Eric Dodson presentation What were the San Andrea Accords and what did they promise and to whom? San Andrea Accords Allowed indigenous people to have the right to self-determination of an supreme government, full access to Justice, representation in politics, increased employment opportunities, and the promotion of culture and education. Mike Kennedys presentation Why does the Quiches spoken language struggle for location &038 domain even in countries such as Bolivia and Peru?The Quiches language has to struggle with Spanish language which is seen as a vehicle for upward social mobility. Rural to urban migration has also caused many to stop speaking the language Low prestige of the language and stigma surrounding Quiches also prevents people from speaking the language The domain of the language has been reduced to rural Andean villages and the homes of native speakers, there are few places in public and urban settings where the la nguage is spoken Alice Millard Why/How might the U. S. Trade embargo on Cuba been seen as a positive situation? It has forced Cuba to become sovereign and invest in their own healthcare and pharmaceutical industries since it was not allowed to plainly American medical equipment or use American drug patents. It also opened up more markets for Cuba to sell its cash crops to since American refused to import their goods. Ron Trumann What is the Panatela and why is it important? One of the most immense and biologically rich environments on the planet Wetlands provide countless economic, ecological, cultural, recreational and artistic valuesConcentrated and diverse flora and fauna Cumulative (from Exams 1 &038 2) Why is Latin America considered a region? Which countries in Middle &038 South America are often excluded from the region and why? To what do the terms messiest and mulatto refer? Where were the two main Meridian cultural firesides? What is a cultural hearth? How did the In cas (as well as modern-day Andean peoples) utilize latitudinal conation in food production? What were/are the impacts of the Columbian Exchange? What basic patterns (physical and social) did the rectitude of the Indies establish in terms f city planning in colonial Spanish America?What was the one fundamental difference between western Europeans and indigenous Americans in their understandings of land and its value? In which ways are haciendas and plantations distinct forms of latitudinal? What are masqueraders and what explains their geographical distribution? masqueraders are manufacturing plants that are typically located near the US-Mexico take a hop. Their close proximity to the border helps reduce transportation cost to send the finished products to the US, which is their biggest consumer. What tectonic surgical procedure has/is creating the Andes?What cultural and economic role does coca have in the Andean region, especially Bolivia? Why did population projections for Lati n America made in the sass end up incorrect? They didnt take into account the changes in healthcare and the economy. Birth control was introduced to the population which helped to reduce births and population. What makes an Meridian a decent or reasonable person (gent decent or gent De razzn) in the minds of many Latin Americans? The economies of Central American countries traditionally have been dependent on ? What is CAFTAN and how has it changed Central American economies?

My Dinner with Andre Essay

This is defiantly a hard to pick which side to go with. With Wally if you in a quilt spot or you feel easygoing past you have to be happy because youre in your comfort zone. He and his wife got an electric blanket as a reach and he doesnt know how he could live without it. With the electric blanket they can depend on it staying with the cold weather in sassy York. In a personal manner it protects him because if wasnt warm then he could die of hypothermia. He also feels a whole lot collapse when he wakes up. His dreams are also better.It secure seems like all(prenominal)thing is better. With Andre he feel outs that you wear upont cut to the macrocosm. Its not solo dangerous because you could welcome electrocuted only if also it could kill you. You take for grantedt give what your bole needs. He says the body needs different things like how Lady Hatfield only ate chicken. Since she only ate chicken her body starved and then she died. You also dont get to experience t he world. You get to animadvert of things like I get to snuggle with cause its cold or you find out that you like the cold.I could how Wally is just because if youre cheerful then you must be happy. I could also see how Andre is right because then you get to experience things you wouldnt of before. I would have to adopt Andre on this subject. If youre in your little bubble you dont get to do thing that are fun to do. You just sort of stupefy in that location with yourself and what like Andre said its like your dying. It is a little murder. Of course you wouldnt be arrested for because well youre wild and it would kind of pointless to arrest a person that is dead.You dont get to live life to the fullest. You cant visit china or bungee jump if youre under the electric blanket. You dont fill yourself up if you just eat chicken every night for so many years. Youre just not gift the body what it needs. How could you be really living if youre sitting there under an electric blan ket? Yeah you are happy because youre in your comfort zone under the warm blanket but just sitting there cant really be living. The human body wasnt meant to just lie around and just sit there like a couch potato.Thats path on peoples bucket list its not I want to sit around watching SportsCenter (which in my opinion isnt a large(p) choose), its things like climb Mt. Everest, run with the lions, play a round of play with Arnold Palmer, or go visit the country side of Italy. You have to get out from under the blanket and go do stuff. See what the world has to offer. Do the bad, do the good, and do whatever you can do now. This is way I choose to go with Andre. To live life or to say what is really good is to do stuff from under the electric blanket.

Classroom Behavior Managment: Common Mistakes Essay

Mistakes atomic number 18 common in the schoolroom, but there are tips on how to practice your classroom that will eliminate the chaos and help your students learn. Prevention is an efficacious form of behavior management. From the beginning you need to establish a piece of rules and regulations so that the students k direct your expectations. There are twelve common classroom behavior management mistakes, but are followed by suggestions as to what we should do instead. The systems should be able to meet the changing needs of the classroom and students.The initial few mistake rules are basic concepts that teachers need to receive. One is beingness able to define misbehavior by its function non by how it looks. physical body two and three is to assess the behavior directly instead of asking a question or approaching the problem in a different way instead of trying harder for it to work. Number quadruplet is to set and establish classroom rules right away, but do not have too many because it makes it more difficult for both the teacher to enforce and students to comply. The fifth one is to treat some behaviors as brush offt dos like lack of skills not all as wont dos as in lack of motivation. Number six is an easy fix by planning transition date appropriately instead of lack of planning.Number seven has true experience by ignoring wisely instead of ignoring all or nothing at all. Make sure to understand what you should ignore and what you should not. Number eight moves onto convolute and overuse of time out. The students reinforcement opportunities are sequestered when in time out. Moving onto number nine is that you should have suck up expectations of your students that you reinforce accordantly. Your students are more likely to obey when the teacher is consistent than when they are inconsistent. Number tens mistake is not including others in your management efforts. The classroom will be more effective if parents, students and others are inv olved. Number 11 and twelve are about using academic instruction as a tool and taking the misbehavior professionally not personally. A brief review on the common mistakes is useful for developing a comprehensive behavior management plan.ReflectionI enjoyed reading this hold because the main thing I look for when I go into my bailiwick experiences is the different classroom settings and figuring out how each classroom is dispose differently. Teachers have their own behavior management techniques and they all handle situations differently. This member is really going to help me in my future because I now know the common mistakes teachers make and I can look for them when I am in my fields. I thought that this condition was well create verbally and gave just enough information and examples for each mistake. What I think is to the highest degree important is prevention because if you can stop it before it starts then(prenominal) hopefully you illuminate the problem all together . I really do look at in getting the ground rules set early so that the students know your expectations.You should not over load them with tons of rules but if you have a good set of four to six rules that could govern classroom situations then I believe that you will have less behavioral problems. I think that this article is worthwhile and I would recommend it to other teachers because perchance by me passing on this article I could help other teacher get their class behavior under control. Some teachers are old fashioned and need new direction and passing an article on like this one could be beneficial for any teacher. I really thought that this article was knowledgeable. I learned more than I thought I would and any teacher would benefit from reading and applying this to their classroom.

Deception Point Page 16

For the next sixty seconds, Marjorie Tench out lined w presentfore the President would be sending her to the CNN debate instead of some mean campaign staffer. When Tench was finished, the President could only stare in amazement. at once again, Marjorie Tench had proven herself a political genius.18The Milne frosting shelf is the largest solid shabu floe in the Northern Hemisphere. Located preceding(prenominal) the Eighty-second Parallel on the northernmost coast of Ellesmere Island in the high Arctic, the Milne Ice Shelf is four miles wide and reaches thicknesses of over three hundred feet.Now, as Rachel climbed into the Plexiglas enclo sure enough atop the scratch tractor, she was grateful for the extra parka and gloves waiting for her on her seat, as well as the heat gushing out of the tractors vents. Outside, on the ice runway, the F-14s engines roared, and the plane began taxiing away.Rachel looked up in alarm. Hes going away?Her new host climbed into the tractor, noddin g. Only science personnel and immediate NASA sign team members are allowed on-site.As the F-14 tore off into the sunless sky, Rachel felt suddenly marooned.Well be taking the IceRover from here, the service public said. The executive is waiting.Rachel gazed out at the silvery path of ice before them and tried to imagine what the underworld the administrator of NASA was doing up here.Hold on, the NASA man shouted, working some levers. With a grinding growl, the machine rotated ninety degrees in place same(p) a treaded army tank. It was now facing the high wall of a snow berm.Rachel looked at the steep incline and felt a wave of fear. Surely he doesnt intend to-Rock and roll The driver popped the clutch, and the wile quicken transportly toward the slope. Rachel let out a muffled weep and held on. As they hit the incline, the spiked treads tore into the snow, and the contraption began to climb. Rachel was certain they would farting over backward, but the cabin remained surpr isingly horizontal as the treads claw up the slope. When the huge machine heaved up onto the crest of the berm, the driver brought it to a stop and beamed at his white-knuckled passenger. Try that in an SUV We took the shock-system design from the Mars pathfinder and popped it on this baby Worked resembling a charm.Rachel gave a wan nod. Neat.posing now atop the snow berm, Rachel looked out at the inconceivable view. unity more large berm stood before them, and then the undulations stopped abruptly. Beyond, the ice smoothed into a glistening expanse that was inclined ever so slightly. The moonlit sheet of ice stretched out into the distance, where it eventually narrowed and snaked up into the mountains.Thats the Milne Glacier, the driver said, pointing up into the mountains. Starts up there and flows set down into this wide delta that were academic session on now.The driver gunned the engine again, and Rachel held on as the craft accelerated down the steep face. At the bottom , they clawed crosswise another ice river and rocketed up the next berm. Mounting the crest and quickly skimming down the far side, they slid out onto a smooth sheet of ice and started crunching crosswise the glacier.How far? Rachel saw nothing but ice in calculate of them.About two miles ahead.Rachel thought it seemed far. The wind outside pounded the IceRover in austere gusts, rattling the Plexiglas as if trying to hurl them back toward the sea.Thats the catabatic wind, the driver yelled. Get used to it He explained that this area had a imperishable offshore gale called the katabatic-Greek for flowing downhill. The relentless wind was apparently the product of heavy, cool air flowing down the glacial face akin a raging river downhill. This is the only place on earth, the driver added, laughing, where hell truly freezes overSeveral minutes later, Rachel began to see a hazy turn in the distance in front of them-the silhouette of an enormous white dome emerging from the ice. Rachel rubbed her eyes. What in the world?Big Eskimos up here, eh? the man joked.Rachel tried to make sense of the structure. It looked like a scaled-down Houston Astrodome.NASA put it up a week and a half ago, he said. Multistage inflatable plexipolysorbate. expatiate the pieces, affix them to one another, connect the whole thing to the ice with pitons and wires. Looks like an enclosed big top tent, but its actually the NASA prototype for the take-away habitat we hope to use on Mars someday. We call it a habisphere.Habisphere?Yeah, get it? Because its not a whole sphere, its only habi-sphere.Rachel smiled and stared out at the bizarre building now looming closer on the glacial plain. And because NASA hasnt kaput(p) to Mars yet, you guys decided to down a big sleepover out here instead?The man laughed. Actually, I would have preferred Tahiti, but muckle pretty much decided the location.Rachel gazed uncertainly up at the edifice. The tusk shell was a ghostly contour against a d ark sky. As the IceRover neared the structure, it ground to a stop at a small adit on the side of the dome, which was now opening. Light from inside spilled out onto the snow. A figure stepped out. He was a bulky giant wearing a black fleece pullover that amplified his size and made him look like a bear. He moved toward the IceRover.Rachel had no doubt who the huge man was Lawrence Ekstrom, administrator of NASA.The driver gave a solacing grin. Dont let his size fool you. The guys a pussycat.More like a tiger, Rachel thought, well acquainted with Ekstroms reputation for harsh the heads off those who stood in the way of his dreams.When Rachel climbed down from the IceRover, the wind almost blew her over. She confined the coat around herself and moved toward the dome.The NASA administrator met her halfway, extending a huge gloved paw. Ms. sexton. Thank you for coming.Rachel nodded uncertainly and shouted over the howling wind. Frankly, sir, Im not sure I had much choice.A thousand meters farther up the glacier, Delta-One gazed through with(predicate) infrared binoculars and watched as the administrator of NASA ushered Rachel Sexton into the dome.19NASA administrator Lawrence Ekstrom was a giant of a man, ruddy and gruff, like an angry Scandinavian god. His prickly blond hair was cropped military short above a furrowed brow, and his bulbous nose was spidered with veins. At the moment, his stony eyes drooped with the tip of countless sleepless nights. An influential aerospace strategist and operations adviser at the Pentagon before his appointment to NASA, Ekstrom had a reputation for surliness matched only by his incontestable dedication to whatever mission was at hand.As Rachel Sexton followed Lawrence Ekstrom into the habisphere, she found herself walking through an eerie, translucent maze of hallways. The labyrinthine vane appeared to have been fashioned by hanging sheets of opaque plastic across tautly strung wires. The floor of the maze was nonexistent -a sheet of solid ice, cover with strips of rubber matting for traction. They passed a rudimentary living area lined with cots and chemical toilets.Thankfully, the air in the habisphere was warm, albeit heavy with the mingled potpourri of indistinguishable smells that take after humans in tight quarters. Somewhere a generator droned, apparently the source of the electricity that powered the bare bulbs hanging from draped addendum cords in the hallway.Ms. Sexton, Ekstrom grunted, guiding her briskly toward some unknown destination. permit me be candid with you right from the start. His tone conveyed anything but pleasure to have Rachel as his guest. You are here because the President wants you here. Zach Herney is a personal admirer of mine and a faithful NASA supporter. I respect him. I owe him. And I trust him. I do not question his direct orders, even when I resent them. Just so there is no confusion, be aware that I do not share the Presidents earnestness for involving you in this matter.

How important is the role of complementary therapies and medicines within a modern health service?

Illustrate your answer with examples and, where possible, consider the impact that the growth of such remedies has had on attitudes at heart both the general public and the medical profession.oer the last decade masss opinions towards medicine film changed, this has made a split of wad consider alternative hatchment for illnesses, which before hand they would have been nailn as witch craft. Nowadays it is more socially acceptable and is utilize more widely to hatch illnesses or apply just as a laxation order. When investigating whatsoever form of medical treatment, whether that be CAM or scientific medicine we want to be asking principalsIs it powerful?Is it safe?How is it regulated?People still groom assumptions ab egress complementary color therapies, that it is impertinent the NHS so there is no regulating body to harbor the clients or the practitioners, this is accepted for many a nonher(prenominal) areas but with continuing research and the learn for mo re blood lineing I cogitate that it will elucidate the scholarship that it deserves, and this will gift the door for more regulatory bodies to capture mandatory. When hatful say that it is outside conventional medical training, this stomach be true but many practitioners of complementary therapy train for many years pointedness level, and there are 20 universities which snap degrees in Complementary medical specialty, barely there are near quite a little who just decide to purpose without any form of training and I cogitate that these are the deal who misuse and harm the ideology of complementary therapies. Is it safe? I believe it is safe as long as you go to a honourable practitioner, who would normally have been accomplished to degree level and has taken out insurance for their clinic.One good point to argue is that it is natural, and with GPs not absent to continually prescribe for example antibiotics this is a natural way to treat illnesses without chemic use of tablets. Is it effective?, this has got to be the just about crucial question that needs to be answered, practitioners of Complementary Medicine believe that when using cure intervention is effective if it influences the course of a unhealthiness in a patient in a undecomposed way. When assessing if it effective in treating disease then you would need to compare without any other treatment, as this is very(prenominal) rarely possible then it is weighed trim back to gain evidence to swan this question fully.Within are lessons we conducted a survey which asked people if they had apply Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), we also asked them whether they considered it to work and if they was partakered by their GP or went privately and had to lucre themselves. Every person took 10 copies to be filled in by their families and friends then all the data totalling 114 people was collated together, the results indicated that very few people were referred by their G P, but many people said that it worked successfully. The results of this survey are attached to this essay.The most comm exactly used CAM therapies are* stylostixis* Chiropractic* Osteopathy* Homeopathy* Herbal medicine* Massage Therapy at that place are also many other CAM therapies available, examples of these are, Reflexology, Hypnotherapy, Aromatherapy, Reiki, and Faith or apparitional healing. All of these method actings people can find soft access to, if however, they are willing to pay, due to the lack of GPs who have the funding or believe that it will work, I will talk about this more later. Acupuncture originates from the Far Eastern countries and has been practised there for thousands of years, although many practitioners provide a Western form of medical Acupuncture, which is based on modern taste involving the bodys nervous system. Osteopathy and Chiropractic are both amplyly recommended therapies and seem to be the only two who have their own regulatory councils an d gives the name primary fretfulness practitioners to those who carry out the service. Osteopathy is used to treat any age chemical group and it uses sluttish tissue massage, stretching and manipulation separation techniques, which helps to treat spinal anesthesia pain, muscle or joint pain or sports related injuries.Chiropractors treat the nervous system and improving skeletal movement, they also use spinal manipulation to help sufferers of migraines, repetitive strain and sciatica. The Royal Family and 1 in 5 of the population, regularly use homeopathy, it treats people by using the method that whatever can make ill you can also make you well, it is more commonly used to treat eczema, arthritis, asthma and PMS. Herbal Medicine is the oldest method of medicine and is used all over the world with sales topping 126 million every year from over the counter therapies. The most common illnesses which it treats are migraines, arthritis, depression, insomnia and lung, stomach, blood and skin disorders. Massage Therapy, is the manipulation of soft tissue for therapeutic purposes, and is commonly used along side crabmeat therapy and is also popular amongst athletes.In 1995, Kate J Thomas, J P Nicholl and Margaret Fall, conducted a survey of how many GPs were referring their patients to CAM. They sent out their questionnaires via the post to 1226 individual GPs in a random cluster sample or GP partnerships in England, this was 1 in 8 GP partnerships in England in 1995. The method set by them was to assess estimates of the account of practices stateing in-house access to any form of complementary therapies or if this was not available were they making referrals outside the practice, and if there was any funding available for CAM. The total number of returned questionnaires was 964 (78.6%). pop of those, 760 also gave detailed information.The results come outed that an estimated 39.5% of GP partnerships offered some form of access to CAM for their NHS patients . An estimated 21.4% offered it via a member of the primary health care team, 6.1% had employed andindependent CAM therapist, and an estimated 24.6% made referrals for CAM. The flock of CAM available within any individual service seemed to be confused acupuncture and homoeopathy are the most commonly available therapies. The number of patients who had to pay for the services of CAM, which were recommended by their GPs, was 25%. The survey found that fund holding practices were more likely to offer CAM compared to non-fund holding practices, these figures are 45% versus 36%. This proved that fund holding practices had more scope to offer CAM at the primary care level, evidence was also available to show that unless the primary care groups and primary care trusts help to support the training of CAM to all practices then the level of which it is available will decline within time.There is always going to be doctors who are opposed to CAM, it was easy to find evidence of this, on the BBC website I found two articles true away, the first headlined as, Doctors attack bogus therapies. The article goes on to describe how some of Britains leading doctors are urging the NHS to stop using CAM and to only pay for medicine which has been proven with solid evidence that it is successful, there are implicated about the amount of notes that the NHS is spending on unproven or disapproved treatments, like those used by practitioners of CAM. They talk about Herceptin macrocosm of high cost so the NHS dont regularly fund it, but these bogus therapies are being funded. Prince Charles advocates CAM and wants the funding to continue, he also wants it to be integrated with conventional medicine, he told the World Health Assembly in GenevaThe proper admixture of proven complementary, traditional and modernremedies, which emphasises the active participation of the patient, can serve up to create a powerful healing force in the world.(Prince Charles, BBC News, 2006)This account is criticised by doctors as Implausible treatment, meaning that more than 12 reviews through with(p) off CAM have failed to produce any evidence of the effectiveness of CAM. Dr peter Fisher, of the Royal London Homoeopathic Hospital, says that these doctors opposing CAM seem to be causing a Medical apartheid within the NHS. Evidence in this article says that about half of GPs are thought to refer patients to CAM.My conclusion is that all the evidence points to the particular that general practitioners are just not ready for the change, they have trained at medical school for 5 years learning to use chemical drugs, and have been taught to trust them, which is good, but I feel that they need to be more open to the fact that the methods that CAM offer is beneficial to complement chemical drugs, and sometimes can eliminate the use of chemical drugs where straightenation is more beneficial.Take for example someone with stress, which can lead to depression, in this case anti depressa nts would be the most common form of chemical drugs, but say however the patient was offered massage therapy or aromatherapy to relax them, this may in the long run be more beneficial to the patients health. The implications of long time chemical drug use has been publicised many of times, yet there is no evidence to suggest that the services that CAM offer would harm with long term use. So why is the funding not available for more research to be done to help gain peoples confidence in CAM? I agree that times are hard with the NHS, but really in the majority of matters with the government it always comes down to funding or rather lack of funding.If we take funding/money out of the equation then is another problem area for CAM that people have closed minds, in that they do not want to evaluate something new? It would be interesting if the ages of the General Practitioners were available who readily refer patients on to organisations that use CAM, because as people get older they bec ome less accustomed to change, and are the new generation of doctors more open to change, whereas the older generation of doctors are more prone to not changing from chemical drugs. I will be interested to see what happens with the knowledgeability of more CAM services within the NHS, will time change things? We can only wait and see, but personally I would like to see more of CAM introduced in the NHS.

Mexican Educational System Essay

The Mexican Constitution, established in 1917, outlined the sine qua non for humanity study, creating a definitive forum for addressing the cultivational needs of the land at the beginning of the century (Althaus 1). Though the Constitution addressed the inconvenience of fostering, it did non provide a directive for promoting pedagogicsal establishments, and Mexico has had to address the thorny bother of providing an educational system for hundreds of varied indigenous languages and cultures (Improving 1). Though the Mexican goernments of the end two decades ware attempted to address educational reform, in that respect are a number of difficulties that stick out presented themselves, including a growing school-aged universe and the issues of language and culture, which devour pr sluiceted any major(ip) widespread changes to take hold. As for the joined States, the the Statesn education is hard to single out. The United States does not have a national school system s o a single school draws resources from several different public and private institutions (USIA 1).Mexicos current educational system is one of free and compulsory education for children between the ages of 6 and 14 (Saleem). In order to provide for the requirements of this educational system, the Mexican government has had to focus on social infrastructures in rude as well as urban communities in order to uphold the national programs. Mexico has been definitively more successful in implementing educational reforms in urban settings, especially in constantly increasing low-income urban areas. But over the past two decades, the focus has been on bringing primary schools to even the most isolated villages. Nearly ninety share of the students in the States attend public elementary and utility(prenominal) schools. All states require puppyish adults to attend school. Although the age limit may vary, most states require attendance until the age of 16, and some states until the age of 18. Every child in America forget receive a minimum of eleven years of education regardless of their sex, race, religion, keep an eye oning problems, physical handicaps, ability to speak English, citizenship, or circumstance of immigrant (USIA 1-2).The nation of Mexico composes education provided by the federal government. The government spends approximately 25.3 percent of its budget on education. Education is divided into four different levels the commencement ceremony two sections are mandatory which includes primary school that holds grades one to six, and secondary school that are grades 7 to nine (Educational 1). School attendance by means of sixth grade was obligatory until 1993, now children are required by impartiality to complete the entire nine years of education. In large cities students must past an entrance exam before advancing to the beside grade (Althaus 2).Then a student can go to all college prep school for three more years or to a vocational school whi ch he or she can learn a skill or trade. Then finally comes the university level, this section is qualified for students that have ammonium alumd from either a preparatory or vocational school. To be accepted into college in Mexico students must take an entrance exam. State colleges and universities shake Mexican citizens an ostensible tuition, although some charge more. snobby colleges are not superior to the public schools but are more expensive (Educational 1).In the past two decades Mexicos educational system has made major strides to improve their average of schooling years. In 1970, a child authentic an average of four years of schooling. By 1990, the average was six to seven years (Althaus 1). In 1960, 5 million schoolchildren enrolled in Mexicos public school system, says educator Guevara. This year, more than 21 million registered in the first through 12th grades. More than 14.5 million children go to primary school, and another .5 million attend junior high (Althaus 2) .In 1989 president George Bush and the governors of all 50 states gave the movement to reform American education a new impetus when they set six goals to be achieved by the year 2000 That all children will start school ready to learn that 90 percent of all high school students will graduate that all students will achieve competence in core subjects at certain key points in their progress that American students will be first in the world in math and science transaction that every American adult will be literate and have the skills to function as a citizen and a worker That all schools will be free of drugs and violence and offer a disciplined environment that is conducive to learning. (USIA 3)The normalitys of education as well as the planning, programming, and selecting the content were the responsibility of the Mexican government. The intention and educational decisions made by this central organ were standardized for all the children and were to be equally use throughou t the entire nation. For many years Mexican education was prearranged, synchronized, directed, and oversee by a central educational agency located in Mexico City (Erdmann 136).The management and control of the public as well as private educational sectors did not allow for any individual accommodations therefore, children who differed from the bulk in any way were not offered opportunities in general education settings. Teaching principles and materials were used regardless of the location, population, ethnic and cultural values, and regional particularities. Private schools were allowed to teach another language, only after the principles and mandates imposed by the get along with of education (Erdmann 136).The educational norms and procedures provided by the central educational agency were not the only discriminatory events, but their still remains a problem with overcrowded classrooms with a single teacher instructing more than 50 students.In the operate few years, the Mexican Ministry of Public Education has openly recognized the adjacent four educational problems as priorities The greater demand for education in relation to nationwide availability the uneven quality of education among different regions in the pastoral the number of children who fail to learn appropriately and who, as a result, are retained in the same grade at then end of each school year the number of children who send packing out of school before finishing their elementary-school education. (Erdmann 137)The Mexican educational system has encountered many problems for a long time. These unresolved issues prevail in scandalize of the enactment of the general education law and present a scrap to the successful implementation of the new law. Currently the educational decentralization law gave way for Mexican states to have the power to control their on educational plans, programs, and select their on contents according to their students needs. In addition, American schools have e ncountered problems. The schools must cope with an influx of immigrant children, many of whom speak little or no English. The schools must make sure that students develop basic skills for the stemma market, and they must consider the needs of nontraditional students, such as teen-age mothers (USIA 4).In conclusion, Education is a dynamic field in both the United States and in Mexico (Erdmann 135). The United States has mandated inclusive education since 1975, and 18 years ulterior Mexico took the same position with the new education law of 1993. For Mexico, a country that has gone through three profound economic crises in the last twenty years and has experiences a substantial increase in its population, the gainsay to provide appropriate education for all of its children has become and enormous undertaking (Erdmann 144).Works CitedAlthaus, Dudley. 1995. Twilights Children. Houston Chroncicle 1-3.The Educational System. http//www.isep.org/handbooks/mexico/mexico.htm. 1-2.Improvi ng Rural firsthand Education the Mexican Experience.http//www.idrc.ca/nayudamma/CEEmx_84e.htm 1-2.Reich-Erdmann, Georgina. 1998. Educational Opportunities For Children WithDisabilities. Ebscohost 135-46.Saleem. El-Hajj Malik. http//www/csudh.edu/global_options/375StudentsSp96/Mexico/EducSys.htm.USIA Portrait of the USA, ch.6.http//www.usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/factover/ch6.htm. 1-5.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 40-43

CHAPTER 40Whats taking Trish so long?Katherine Solomon checked her watch again. Shed disregarded to warn Dr. Abaddon ab come forward the bizarre commute to her lab, but she couldnt imagine the tincture had slowed them down pat(p) this much. They should stir arrived by immediately.Katherine walked whole over to the exit and heaved open the lead-seamed limen, double-dyed(a) push done into the void. She listened for a mo workforcet, but comprehend cipher.Trish? she called out, her voice swallowed by the darkness.Silence.Puzzled, she unappealing the door, took out her cell ph ane, and called the lobby. This is Katherine. Is Trish out thither?No, maam, the lobby guard said. She and your client headed back about ten minutes past.Really? I dont approximate back theyre even inside codfish 5 yet.Hold on. Ill check. Katherine could attempt the guards fingers clicking on his computer keyboard. Youre right. According to Ms. Dunnes key-card logs, she has non yet loose the pod Five door. Her last access event was about eight minutes ago . . . at Pod Three. I guess shes give your guest a little tour on his typeface in.Katherine frowned. App arntly. The news was a microprocessor chip ridiculous, but at least she knew Trish wouldnt be long in Pod 3. The smell in there is terrible. thanks. Has my brother arrived yet?No, maam, not yet.Thank you.As Katherine hung up, she mat up an unexpected twinge of trepidation. The un hands-down feeling do her pause, but only for a moment. It was the same exact disquiet shed felt earlier when she stepped into Dr. Abaddons house. Embarrassingly, her feminine intuition had failed her there. Badly.Its nothing, Katherine told herself.CHAPTER 41Robert Langdon studied the gems modulate profit. This isnt possible.An past encoded language, Sato said without looking up. Tell me, does this qualify?On the newly undetermined face of the pyramid, a series of sixteen characters was precisely engraved into the even- mooded stone. Beside Langdon, Andersons mouth now gaped open, mirro yell Langdons own shock. The security chief looked like he had just seen well-nigh miscellany of alien keypad.Professor? Sato said. I enter you can look at this?Langdon turned. Why would you assume that?Because you were brought here, Professor. You were chosen. This inscription appears to be a code of some(a) sort, and considering your reputation, it seems obvious to me that you were brought here to decipher it.Langdon had to admit that afterwards his experiences in Rome and Paris, hed true a steady flow of requests ask for his help deciphering some of historys great unsolved codesthe Phaistos Disk, the Dorabella Cipher, the mysterious Voynich Manuscript.Sato ran her finger over the inscription. Can you part me the meaning of these icons?Theyre not icons, Langdon thought. Theyre symbols. The language was one he had re rollnized immediatelyan encrypted cipher language from the seventeenth century. Langdon knew very headspring how to break it. Maam, he said, feeling hesitant, this pyramid is ray of lights private property.Private or not, if this code is indeed the reason you were brought to Washington, I am not giving you a choice in the matter. I want to bash what it says.Satos blackberry bush pinged loudly, and she yanked the tress from her pocket, studying the incoming message for several moments. Langdon was amazed that the Capitol Buildings congenital wireless network provided service this far down. Sato grunted and raised her eyebrows, giving Langdon an odd look.Chief Anderson? she said, turning to him. A word in private, if I may? The director motioned for Anderson to join her, and they disappeared into the pitch-black hallway, leaving Langdon alone in the waver candlelight of diaphysiss Chamber of Reflection.Chief Anderson wondered when this shadow would end. A severed deliberate in my Rotunda? A death shrine in my basement? suspect inscribes on a stone pyramid? Somehow, th e Redskins game no long-dated felt significant.As he followed Sato into the darkness of the hall, Anderson flicked on his flashlight. The beam was pale but better than nothing. Sato led him down the hall a some yards, out of sight of Langdon.Have a look at this, she whispered, handing Anderson her BlackBerry.Anderson took the device and squinted at the illuminated screen. It displayed a black-and-white imagethe X-ray of Langdons lulu that Anderson had requested be sent to Sato. As in all X- rays, the designs of superior density appeared in the brightest white. In Langdons fundament, a lone item outshone everything else. on the face of it extremely dense, the object glowed like a dazzling jewel in a murky jumble of other items. Its shape was unmistakable.Hes been carrying that all night? Anderson looked over at Sato in surprise. Why didnt Langdon mention this?Damned legal question, Sato whispered.The shape . . . it cant be coincidence.No, Sato said, her tone angry now. I wou ld say not.A faint rustle in the corridor drew Andersons attention. Startled, he pointed his flashlight down the black passageway. The dying beam revealed only a deserted corridor, lined with open doors.Hello? Anderson said. Is somebody there?Silence.Sato gave him an odd look, apparently having heard nothing.Anderson listened a moment longer and then shook it transfer. Ive got to get out of here.Alone in the candlelit house, Langdon ran his fingers over the sharply carved borders of the pyramids engraving. He was curious to realise what the message said, and yet he was not about to transgress on putz Solomons privacy any more(prenominal) than(prenominal) than they already had. And wherefore would this lunatic care about this minor pyramid anyway?We lease a problem, Professor, Satos voice declared loudly female genital organ him. Ive just received a new piece of information, and Ive had enough of your lies.Langdon turned to see the OS director marching in, BlackBerry in hand and fire in her eyes. Taken aback, Langdon looked to Anderson for help, but the chief was now standing guard at the door, his expression unsympathetic. Sato arrived in front of Langdon and thrust her BlackBerry in his face.Bewildered, Langdon looked at the screen, which displayed an inverted black-and-white delineationgraph, like a religious film negative. The photo looked like a jumble of objects, and one of them shone very brightly. Though skew-whiff and dour center, the brightest object was clearly a little, pointed pyramid.A picayune pyramid? Langdon looked at Sato. What is this?The question seemed only to incense Sato further. Youre pretending you dont know?Langdons temper flared. Im not pretending anything Ive never seen this before in my life strapper Sato snapped, her voice cutting through with(predicate) the moldinessy air. Youve been carrying it in your bag all nightI Langdon stalled midsentence. His eyes moved slowly down to the daybag on his shoulder. Then he ra ised them again to the BlackBerry. My God . . . the package. He looked more closely at the image. Now he saw it. A ghostly cube, enclosing the pyramid. Stunned, Langdon accomplished he was looking at an X-ray of his bag . . . and also of Peters mysterious cube-shaped package. The cube was, in fact, a asinine box . . . a small pyramid.Langdon opened his mouth to speak, but his nomenclature failed him. He felt the breath go out of his lungs as a new revelation struck him.Simple. Pure. Devastating.My God. He looked back at the substitute stone pyramid on the desk. Its apex was flata small square areaa blank space symbolically awaiting its last(a) piece . . . that piece which would transform it from an Unfinished Pyramid into a sure Pyramid.Langdon now realized the tiny pyramid he was carrying was not a pyramid at all. Its a capstone. At that instant, he knew why he alone could unlock the mysteries of this pyramid.I hold the final piece.And it is indeed . . . a talis slice. When P eter had told Langdon the package contained a talis humanness, Langdon had laughed. Now he realized his protagonist was right. This tiny capstone was a talisman, but not the magic kind . . . the far older kind. Long before talisman had magical connotations, it had some other meaning completion. From the Greek telesma, meaning complete, a talisman was any object or idea that immaculate another and made it whole. The finishing element. A capstone, symbolically speaking, was the ultimate talisman, transforming the Unfinished Pyramid into a symbol of completed perfection.Langdon now felt an eerie convergence that forced him to accept one very strange truth with the exception of its size, the stone pyramid in Peters Chamber of Reflection seemed to be transforming itself, bit by bit, into something vaguely resembling the masonic Pyramid of legend.From the brightness with which the capstone shone on the X-ray, Langdon suspected it was made of surface . . . a very dense metal. Whether o r not it was solid gold, he had no way of knowing, and he was not about to let his sagaciousness start playing tricks on him. This pyramid is too small. The codes too easy to read. And . . . its a myth, for heavens sakeSato was watching him. For a bright man, Professor, youve made some dumb choices tonight. Lying to an intelligence director? Intentionally obstructing a CIA probe?I can explain, if youll let me.You entrust be explaining at CIA headquarters. As of this moment, I am detaining you.Langdons body went rigid. You cant possibly be serious.Deadly serious. I made it very clear to you that the stakes tonight were high, and you chose not to cooperate. I strongly purport you start thinking about explaining the inscription on this pyramid, because when we arrive at the CIA . . . She raised her BlackBerry and took a close-up snapshot of the engraving on the stone pyramid. My analysts entrust have had a head start.Langdon opened his mouth to protest, but Sato was already turnin g to Anderson at the door. Chief, she said, put the stone pyramid in Langdons bag and carry it. Ill handle taking Mr. Langdon into custody. Your weapon, if I may?Anderson was stone-faced as he advanced into the chamber, unsnapping his shoulder holster as he came. He gave his torpedo to Sato, who immediately aimed it at Langdon.Langdon watched as if in a dream. This cannot be calamity.Anderson now came to Langdon and removed the daybag from his shoulder, carrying it over to the desk and setting it on the chair. He unzipped the bag, propped it open, and then hoisted the intemperately stone pyramid eat up the desk and into the bag, along with Langdons notes and the tiny package. Suddenly there was a rustle of movement in the hallway. A dark outline of a man materialized in the doorway, rushing into the chamber and approaching fast behind Anderson. The chief never saw him coming. In an instant, the stranger had lowered his shoulder and crashed into Andersons back. The chief launched forward, his head cracking into the edge of the stone niche. He fell hard, crumpling on the desk, sending bones and artifacts flying. The hourglass bust on the floor. The candle toppled to the floor, still burning.Sato reeled amid the chaos, raising the gun, but the intruder grabbed a femur and lashed out with it, striking her shoulder with the leg bone. Sato let out a cry of pain and fell back, dropping the weapon. The newcomer kicked the gun away and then wheeled toward Langdon. The man was tall and slender, an elegant African American whom Langdon had never seen before in his life.Grab the pyramid the man commanded. Follow meCHAPTER 42The African American man leading Langdon through the Capitols subterranean maze was clearly someone of power. beyond knowing his way through all the side corridors and back manners, the elegant stranger carried a key ring that seemed to unlock every door that blocked their way.Langdon followed, quickly streamlet up an unfamiliar staircase. As t hey climbed, he felt the strap strap of his daybag cutting hard into his shoulder. The stone pyramid was so heavy that Langdon feared the bags strap might break.The past few minutes defied all logic, and now Langdon comprise himself moving on instinct alone. His gut told him to trust this stranger. Beyond saving Langdon from Satos arrest, the man had taken dangerous action to protect Peter Solomons mysterious pyramid. Whatever the pyramid may be. While his motivation remained a mystery, Langdon had glimpsed a telltale shimmer of gold on the mans handa masonic ringthe double-headed phoenix and the number 33. This man and Peter Solomon were more than trusted friends. They were masonic brothers of the highest degree.Langdon followed him to the top of the stairs, into another corridor, and then through an unnoted door into a utilitarian hallway. They ran past supply boxes and bags of garbage, veering off suddenly through a service door that deposited them in an utterly unexpected w orlda plush movie theater of some sort. The older man led the way up the side gangboard and out the main doors into the light of a large atrium. Langdon now realized they were in the visitor center through which he had entered earlier tonight. Unfortunately, so was a Capitol police police officer.As they came face-to-face with the officer, all three men stopped, staring at one another. Langdon recognized the young Hispanic officer from the X-ray machine earlier tonight.Officer Nunez, the African American man said. Not a word. Follow me.The guard looked uneasy but ob eyed without question.Who is this guy?The three of them speed toward the southeast corner of the visitor center, where they arrived at a small foyer and a set of heavy doors blocked with chromatic pylons. The doors were sealed with showing tape, apparently to forbear the dust of any(prenominal) was happening beyond out of the visitor center. The man reached up and peeled off the tape on the door. Then he flipped t hrough his key ring as he spoke to the guard. Our friend Chief Anderson is in the subbasement. He may be injured. Youll want to check on him.Yes, sir. Nunez looked as amaze as he did alarmed.Most important, you did not see us. The man found a key, took it off the key ring, and used it to turn the heavy bushed(p) bolt. He pulled open the steel door and tossed the key to the guard. Lock this door behind us. Put the tape back on as trump out as you can. Pocket the key and say nothing. To anyone. Including the chief. Is that clear, Officer Nunez?The guard eyed the key as if hed just been entrusted with a precious gem. It is, sir.The man go through the door, and Langdon followed. The guard locked the heavy bolt behind them, and Langdon could hear him re-applying the masking tape.Professor Langdon, the man said as they strode briskly down a modern-looking corridor that was obviously under construction. My name is Warren Bellamy. Peter Solomon is a erotic love friend of mine.Langdon sh ot a startled glance at the formal man. Youre Warren Bellamy? Langdon had never met the Architect of the Capitol, but he certainly knew the mans name.Peter speaks very highly of you, Bellamy said, and Im sorry we are meeting under these severe circumstances.Peter is in terrible trouble. His hand . . .I know. Bellamy serioused grim. Thats not the one-half of it, Im afraid.They reached the end of the lit section of corridor, and the passageway took an abrupt left. The remaining continuance of corridor, wherever it went, was pitch-black. Hold on, Bellamy said, disappearing into a nearby electrical room from which a tangle of heavy-duty orange extension cords snaked out, running away from them into the darkness of the corridor. Langdon waited while Bellamy rooted around inside. The Architect must have located the switch that sent power to the extension cords, because suddenly the route before them became illuminated.Langdon could only stare.Washington, D.C.like Romewas a metropolis l aced with clandestine passageways and underground tunnels. The passage before them now reminded Langdon of the passetto tunnel connecting the Vatican to Castel SantAngelo. Long. Dark. Narrow. Unlike the ancient passetto, however, this passage was modern and not yet complete. It was a slender construction zone that was so long it seemed to narrow to nothing at its distant end. The only lighting was a string of sporadic construction bulbs that did little more than accentuate the tunnels impossible length.Bellamy was already heading down the passage. Follow me. Watch your step.Langdon felt himself fall into step behind Bellamy, wondering where on earth this tunnel led.At that moment, Malakh stepped out of Pod 3 and strode briskly down the deserted main corridor of the SMSC toward Pod 5. He clutched Trishs key card in his hand and quietly whispered, Zero-eight-zero-four.Something else was cycling through his mind as well. Malakh had just received an urgent message from the Capitol B uilding. My arrive at has run into unforeseen difficulties. Even so, the news remained encouraging Robert Langdon now ingest both the pyramid and the capstone. Despite the unexpected way in which it had happened, the of the essence(p) pieces were falling into coiffe. It was almost as if destiny itself were guiding tonights events, ensuring Malakhs victory.CHAPTER 43Langdon hurried to keep pace with Warren Bellamys brisk footsteps as they moved without a word down the long tunnel. So far, the Architect of the Capitol appeared far more intent on putting distance between Sato and this stone pyramid than he did on explaining to Langdon what was going on. Langdon had a growing apprehension that there was far more going on than he could imagine.The CIA? The Architect of the Capitol? dickens Thirty-third-degree Masons? The shrill sound of Langdons cell cry cut the air. He pulled his phone from his jacket. Uncertain, he answered. Hello? The voice that spoke was an eerie, familiar whis per. Professor, I hear you had unexpected company.Langdon felt an icy chill. Where the hell is Peter? he demanded, his linguistic communication reverberating in the enclosed tunnel. Beside him, Warren Bellamy glanced over, looking concerned and motioning for Langdon to keep walking.Dont worry, the voice said. As I told you, Peter is somewhere safe.You cut off his hand, for Gods sake He needfully a doctorHe involve a priest, the man replied. that you can save him. If you do as I command, Peter get out live. I give you my word.The word of a madman means nothing to me.Madman? Professor, surely you appreciate the idolatry with which I have adhered to the ancient protocols tonight. The Hand of the Mysteries guided you to a gatethe pyramid that promises to unveil ancient wisdom. I know you now possess it.You think this is the Masonic Pyramid? Langdon demanded. Its a chunk of rock.There was placidity on the other end of the line. Mr. Langdon, youre too smart to play dumb. You know very well what youve uncovered tonight. A stone pyramid . . . recondite at the core of Washington, D.C. . . . by a powerful Mason?Youre chasing a myth Whatever Peter told you, he told you in fear.The Legend of the Masonic Pyramid is fiction. The Masons never built any pyramid to protect sneaking(a) wisdom. And even if they did, this pyramid is far too small to be what you think it is.The man chuckled. I see Peter has told you very little. Nonetheless, Mr. Langdon, whether or not you choose to accept what it is you now possess, you will do as I say. I am well aware that the pyramid you are carrying has an encrypted engraving. You will decipher that engraving for me. Then, and only then, will I return Peter Solomon to you.Whatever you believe this engraving reveals, Langdon said, it wont be the Ancient Mysteries.Of course not, he replied. The mysteries are far too vast to be written on the side of a little stone pyramid.The response caught Langdon off guard. But if this engraving is not the Ancient Mysteries, then this pyramid is not the Masonic Pyramid. Legend clearly states the Masonic Pyramid was constructed to protect the Ancient Mysteries. The mans tone was condescending now. Mr. Langdon, the Masonic Pyramid was constructed to preserve the Ancient Mysteries, but with a twist youve apparently not yet grasped. Did Peter never tell you? The power of the Masonic Pyramid is not that it reveals the mysteries themselves . . . but rather that it reveals the secret location where the mysteries are buried.Langdon did a double take.Decipher the engraving, the voice continued, and it will tell you the hiding place of mankinds greatest treasure. He laughed. Peter did not entrust you with the treasure itself, Professor.Langdon came to an abrupt halt in the tunnel. Hold on. Youre precept this pyramid is . . . a map? Bellamy jolted to a stop now, too, his expression one of shock and alarm. Clearly, the caller had just hit a knifelike nerve. The pyramid is a map.This ma p, the voice whispered, or pyramid, or portal, or whatever you choose to call it . . . was created long ago to ensure the hiding place of the Ancient Mysteries would never be forgotten . . . that it would never be alienated to history.A grid of sixteen symbols doesnt look much like a map.Appearances can be deceiving, Professor. But regardless, you alone have the power to read that inscription.Youre wrong, Langdon fired back, picturing the simplistic cipher. Anyone could decipher this engraving. Its not very sophisticated.I suspect there is more to the pyramid than meets the eye. Regardless, you alone possess the capstone.Langdon figure the little capstone in his bag. Order from chaos? He didnt know what to believe anymore, but the stone pyramid in his bag seemed to be getting heavier with every passing moment.Malakh pressed the cell phone to his ear, enjoying the sound of Langdons anxious breathing on the other end. Right now, I have business to attend to, Professor, and so do you . Call me as briefly as you have deciphered the map. We will go together to the hiding place and make our trade. Peters life . . . for all the wisdom of the ages.I will do nothing, Langdon declared. Especially not without proof Peter is alive.I suggest you not test me. You are a very small cog in a vast machine. If you disobey me, or attempt to give away me, Peter will die. This I swear. For all I know, Peter is already dead.He is very much alive, Professor, but he desperately needs your help.What are you really looking for? Langdon shouted into the phone.Malakh paused before answering. Many passel have pursued the Ancient Mysteries and debated their power. Tonight, I will prove the mysteries are real.Langdon was silent.I suggest you get to work on the map immediately, Malakh said. I need this information today.Today? Its already after nine oclockExactly. Tempus fugit.

Advantages and Disadvantages of an Unwritten Constituion

The proceedss of an off-the-cuff authorship distant outweigh the disadvantages (40) You must make a judgement. A ecesis is a set of rules that establish duties and functions of the government and defines the basic principles to which society must conform. In this essay I will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an un compose governing body and deliver that I agree with this statement.On one hand, if a written constitution was introduced it would postulate the power of government, relationship between judges and politician and individual freedoms and rights. superstar argument is that a written constitution would make the rules of the country clearer, as constitutional rules would be collected together and put into a oneness document and whence more clearly defined than in an unwritten constitution where the laws, rights and rules are spread across many documents.Thus, a written constitution would create less admiration and the meaning about laws and rights may b e greater enforced. However, a written constitution is unnecessary in countries who do non have one as many imagine that the unwritten constitutional nature of, for example, UK politics has en certain(a)d a massive account of democracy, and written constitutions may not be the most effective focal point of limiting government power. A written constitution may alike have an educational value as it highlights the central values and goals in the semipolitical system.This may strengthen the populations feeling of be to the country as it creates a clearer sense of political identity. Furthermore, if these citizens feel a sense of belonging to a country they are more likely to become regard in, and be interested in what is going on in their country. On the other hand a written constitution can be considered rigid. With written constitutions a higher law is more difficult to substitute and it is easier and quicker to introduce an Act of Parliament than to alter a constitution.Due to this adamantine nature of a written constitution it is difficult to ensure the constitution is up to date and relevant to current times as they cannot be changed easily and therefore it is harder for the government to respond to changing social, economic and political circumstances. Unwritten constitutions are compromising as they are not entrenched, and flexibleness is extremely important and useful as the modern day is unendingly changing. The strongest argument in favour of a written constitution is that it would nurse the rights of its citizens and individual liberty would be more securely protected.The rights would become more clearly defined due to a written constitution and perchance easier to enforce than an unwritten constitution because it is difficult to be completely sure of what your rights are, these rights can be defined through a bill of rights in the written constitution. However, just because there is a written constitution does not ensure the rights of a c ountries citizens will receive their rights rather, it could lead to an elective despotism which might further restrict rights and may go on to aggrieve some of its citizens, which happened in Germany and resulted in the Second World War.Another disadvantage of a written constitution is that there may be tyranny within the judiciary. Judges are unelected and socially do not represent the population which could lead to a elective deficit because of a lack of democratic legitimacy, as the public could be subjected to opinions which they do not agree with but have been implemented due to the preferences of senior judges.On the other hand, another advantage of a written constitution is that it would end elective dictatorship, where, as long as a government is elected, it can effectively do as it wishes because it often maintains a majority over the House of Commons and therefore can pass any laws it wishes to. Also, a written constitution would stay a government from interfering with any higher laws because there would be a higher law safeguarding the constitution. To conclude, I believe that the advantages of an unwritten constitution far outweighs the disadvantages because it has always worked so changing it would be a intemperance of time, effort and money.In the UK there has been no constitutional crisis or major confusion over what rights citizens have but it remains stable and a adjourn of the countys history. Although an unwritten constitution may be considered too flexible which causes government to almost do as they wish, a written constitution would be far too rigid and would cause major difficulties when absentminded to change certain laws, and it would also be difficult to agree on what a new constitution would contain.

Management Techniques Used in Mcdonalds Stores

Management Techniques utilize in McDonalds picture 17/12/2010 Contents Pg 1 Title page Pg 2 Contents Pg 3 Executive Summary Pg 4 1. 0 toll of address 2. 0 Procedure 2. 1 Primary Research 2. 2 Secondary Research 3. 0 Findings 3. 1 Principles of scientific attention Pg 5 3. 2 Principles of Taylorisms 3. 3 McDonaldization 3. 4 Individual Investigation Pg 6 3. 5 motivation 4. 0 Conclusion Pg 7 5. 0 Recommendations 6. 0 Reference List 7. 0 Bibliography Executive Summary This tell was produced to look at the management and motivation methods hat atomic number 18 used in McDonalds speedy food eating houses, and was requested by the Senior Executive of McDonalds. The main findings were that on that point ar influences of the theories of F. W. Taylor and George Ritzer and was concluded that upon observation of the activities in McDonalds, in that respect be evident uses of scientific management used in McDonalds restaurants, and that this does have a knock-on effect on the motivation of module there. The recommendations of this report atomic number 18 that the managers require to engage the faculty and try to revamp the processes that they have in place, and maintain them a much direct motivation as to the rewards that they receive. 1. 0 toll of Reference This report is has been requested by the Senior Executive of McDonalds in September 2010, in response to a claim made by Wilson (2010). Wilson suggests that there atomic number 18 close links between the scientific management commandments and the strict routines and procedures found in McDonalds debased food restaurants. This report will look into scientific management principles and to see if they do genuinely have an effect on the management principles that are used McDonalds fast food restaurants and will briefly look at the motivation methods of McDonalds employees, and will include observations of these methods.The basic problems found in the observation of staff, was that the ob servation was limited, and only observed the activities of the front-line employees, armed receipts the guest, and was not able to extend this to the jump of the process to where the food is made on the premises. This report has been compiled by an main(a) researcher, who will consider through and through observation and research whether Wilsons insinuation does support the daily routines a customer would find when visiting such(prenominal) fast-food restaurants. 2. Procedure The following procedures were infrataken in order to analyse the case postulate organisation. 2. 1 Primary Research The primary research undertaken was to observe the staff of various McDonalds restaurants, these were observed from September 2010 to December 2010 to try and obtain a more varied view of the procedures staff at McDonalds use. This is found under section 3. 4 Individual Investigation. 2. 2 Secondary Research The supplemental research undertaken was through websites, books and online articles.This research was used for the use of theorists used in the Findings section of the report. 3. 0 Findings 3. 1 Scientific management is a theory that was initi exclusivelyy developed by Fredrick Winslow Taylor and this theory was published in 1911. In his publication, The Principles of Scientific Management, Taylor addresses the importance of the big question of increasing our bailiwick efficiency (Taylor, 1911). His theory sets out to Prove that the lift out management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, feels and principles as a foundation (Taylor, 1911).Taylor believed that workmen would do as little work as possible, and would produce one-third to half of their ability, and believed that this was universal, yet he wanted to counter this and increase the productivity of workers. Taylor suggests through his own research that many assembly lines, including skilled professions git be low-spirited down into belittleder tasks, meaning the less c harter for skilled craftsmen to hit jobs, and make their own decisions. He conducted this research in the steel manufacturing with Time Studies he observed workers sequence of motions to govern the best way for jobs to be performed.The drawbacks of this method, although it does increase productivity, are that it de-humanises the job place, and doesnt allow for any thought of the worker to be involved. 3. 2 The quadruple main principles of Taylor, also known as Taylorisms, are 1. Replace rule of thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific ascertain of the tasks. 2. To scientifically select, train and develop each worker rather than departure the workers to train themselves. 3. To co-operate with workers to ensure that the scientific developed methods are being followed. . To fraction work nearly equally between management and workers, so managers throw the scientific management principles to planning and the work, and the worker to essentially perform the tasks. ( www. netmba. com) These principles were take mainly in factories and industrial settings, including Henry Fords cable car production factories. 3. 3 McDonaldization is a term that was created by George Ritzer based on the findings of Max Webers theories of bureaucracy, in his publication The McDonaldization of Society (1995).George Ritzer explains that the fast food restaurant is an extreme example of rationalization process, where the main contract is that of efficiency and predictability. Ritzers four main principles of McDonaldization are 1. Efficiency The express method of completing a task. 2. Calculability In terms of McDonalds customers, this gist to serve the customers a large amount of food in a brusk period of time, in terms of McDonalds staff, it is the quantity of work they do and not the quality in that they do it. 3.Predictability Meaning whatever McDonalds restaurant a customer will go to, they would know what to expect, this applies to the product and the s erve well that they receive. 4. Control This is the control over the employees, everything is standardized and wherever possible, human fundamental interaction is replaced by technology. 3. 4 Individual Investigation- On conducting an investigation into what a customer would experience upon visiting McDonalds restaurants, it was found that the experience does support the views of Ritzer, and Taylors scientific management principles can be applied.On being served, a customer is asked the same routine question, and the customers answer will be, once more, another script-written question, i. e. What imbibe would you like with that, would you like to have a large meal? The employee that is serving will whence either collect the order that the customer has placed, or there will be another member of staff there to carry out that particular task, so that the person stationed at the coin bank can go on to serve the next customer, whichever may be more efficient, with tasks being broken down.This experience alone can handle three of the four principles used by Ritzer, quite clearly efficiency, fastest method of completing the task, calculability, serving customers with large amounts of food in a short time and also the quantity of work that they do. The third principle of Ritzer is supported by visiting a few various McDonalds restaurants, the customer will know what to expect, as stated earlier with the script-written questions upon ordering food, to shrewd the McDonalds menu and what you will get.The fourth principle of Ritzers, control, from going to McDonalds has been sensed from this observation that the managers will control the staff, ensuring that tasks are carried out correctly, as when law-abiding the activity behind the counter, there is always a manager present, continuously going back and fourth between points, and checking over employees shoulders. 3. 5 Motivation To look at the benefits that may motivate a McDonalds employee, it has been resea rched on what promote the vacancies that are available in McDonalds. From accessing the McDonalds website www. mcdonalds. co. k, the company advertises that the vacancies are not just short-term jobs, but the opportunity broadens great cookery and breeding schemes from apprenticeships to foundation degrees, yet, they do not move away from the actual realization of the job. A very brief breakdown of a crew-members role is stated as, customer service expected to provide customers with a riotous and accurate service. The website also promotes the rewards and benefits of being a McDonalds employee, these are 28 days paid holidays, free private healthcare (after three years service), stakeholder indemnity scheme, an employee is able to exchange ? 10 directly from their pay to childcare vouchers, redemptive on National Insurance and Tax, and also appealing to possibly undivided parents, and also discount cards for large retailers, including HMV and Marks & Spensers. However, a lthough all these rewards and benefits may seem appealing, there is also a short moving-picture show clip on the website, titled Think Again. This is a short video, where a McDonalds employee has approached pot off the street to ask their views on community who work in McDonalds.Some answers given are that McDonalds employees are uneducated, tribe filling in between real jobs and that a job at McDonalds is a last resort, however, the employee who was conducting the short interviews was a university student, currently studying law, when this was told to the people who she was talking with, mostly all of them looked surprised, and afraid that they had offended her, but it encourage backed her point, of think again, not all McDonalds staff are what they appear to be, and the majority of them are studying in university for degrees.This video is a realistic view of what McDonalds staff are considered to be, and McDonalds have seek to turn this in their favour, yet, it will be off-p utting for some to adjudge for these jobs, and from visiting McDonalds restaurants, the staff do not seem completely enthusiastic and motivated, and seem to find it a struggle to offer service with a smile. 4. 0 Conclusion In conclusion, Wilsons mite is a true statement of the management techniques and working procedures that are used in McDonalds.From researching the scientific management principles, and observing the activity in McDonalds, it can be seen that these principles do apply the tasks are broken down into small tasks, to enable efficiency. All staff are trained on the job role that they are doing, and are trained to the method that fits best with the body structure of the restaurant and environment that they will be working in, and managers are ever overseeing what the employees are doing.The findings have also shown that Ritzers views of McDonaldization are again, quite true, and again from observation of staff working at McDonalds, have fitted with the principles t hat Ritzer claim McDonalds function on. 5. 0 Recommendations The recommendations that are found from the findings of this report are that there needs to be a more direct motivation for the staff at McDonalds. As said under the findings, the staff seem to overlook an enthusiasm for the job that they are doing, even though the training and development opportunities and the rewards available are quite impressive.However, this lack of awareness may be to the mundane and repetitive processes that the organisation have in place, and if so, McDonalds managers need to look at this again. The processes that are in place do offer efficiency, which is essential for a fast-food restaurant, but they need to get their staff more engaged and offer more variety in the way that these processes are carried out, and while doing this, possibly include the staff that are carrying out these processes to grapple their input into what they feel can be done etter, this will then have a boost factor to the way that they feel they are valued in the organisation. 6. 0 Reference list * importance of the larger question of increasing our national efficiency (Taylor, 1911, Introduction, The Principles of Scientific Management)* * Prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules and principles as a foundation (Taylor, 1911, The Principles of Scientific Management, Pge 3)* *both accessed from forgottenbooks. org 7. 0 Bibliography * www. mcdonalds. co. uk (9/12/2010) * www. netmba. com (8-11/12/2010)

Reflective Practice Essay

Reflective lend oneself is the process of looking back on the hunt down you have previously done in order to get founder understanding of yourself, how you work, your thoughts, feelings and anything you can learn from those experiences, whether good or bad. It is a substance of learning by reviewing and thought back over a land site or an activity. As a result you can identify your strengths and weaknesses and touch off working on improving yourself. Most of the succession you do some(a) form of reflection without even realising it.You can use different methods for a pensive practicekeeping a diary or a journal, writing down what happened can patron you get a progress to picture of a situation having a debriefing, supervision, group discussion as your colleagues and manager can provide a vital support and assist in reviewing your practice simply taking a break and calling about what happened can help you put your thoughts in order.Following an type of a reflective circl e, that contains six steps, can give you an idea of how to reflect.1. Description- think about what happened?2. Feelings- what did you think and how did you feel about it?3. Evaluation- what were the positives and the negatives?4. Analysis- what sense can you bemuse of it?5. Conclusion- what else could you have done?6. Action plan- what depart you do next time?Reflective practice is important as it helps to improve the grapheme of inspection and repair we deliver. It can give you an aw atomic number 18ness of your own personal thoughts and feelings, your strengths and weaknesses. It can help you identify learning ask, which areas you need to improve and work on. In perfume its a great professional development tool.Reflective practice can help you learn what works for certain service users, as they are all individual, sometimes different approach and attitude needs to be interpreted. You will gain the knowledge of what could be added or taken away in order to provide an ind ividual care package. It will help you to think about how you work, what youve done well and what can you do to improve the things in the future.Care Standards are essential when it comes to a reflective practice as they help care workers provide the same quality of care across the service. You need to know the standards to understand what is expected of you as a support worker, you should than reflect on them to make sure they are met in your every day work.

The Development of GAAP in the United States

Setting generally accepted write up principles These organizations influence the development of GAAP in the United States. United States Securities and deputize Com representation ( arcsecond) The SEC was created as a result of the Great Depression. At that time there was no structure vista accounting standards. The SEC encouraged the establishment of hidden standard-setting bodies through the AICPA and later the FASB, believing that the secret sector had the proper knowledge, resources, and talents. The SEC works closely with various private organizations setting GAAP, but does non set GAAP itself. American base of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA)In 1939, urged by the SEC, the AICPA appointed the Committee on accountancy Procedure (CAP). During the years 1939 to 1959 CAP issued 51 accountancy Research Bulletins that dealt with a variety of timely accounting problems. However, this problem-by-problem approach failed to develop the much necessitate structured body of acc ounting principles. Thus, in 1959, the AICPA created the Accounting Principles Board (APB), whose mission it was to develop an overall conceptual framework. It issued 31 opinions and was dissolved in 1973 for lack of productivity and failure to act promptly.After the creation of the FASB, the AICPA established the Accounting Standards executive director Committee (AcSEC). It publishes Audit and Accounting Guidelines, which summarizes the accounting practices of special(prenominal) industries (e. g. casinos, colleges, airlines, etc. ) and provides specific pleader on matters not addressed by FASB or GASB. Statements of Position, which provides guidance on financial reporting topics until the FASB or GASB sets standards on the issue. Practice Bulletins, which refer the AcSECs views on narrow financial reporting issues not considered by the FASB or the GASB. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)Realizing the need to reform the APB, leaders in the accounting profession appoin ted a Study Group on the Establishment of Accounting Principles (commonly known as the Wheat Committee for its go Francis Wheat). This group determined that the APB must be dissolved and a virgin standard-setting structure be created. This structure is composed of three organizations the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF, it selects members of the FASB, funds and oversees their activities), the Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council (FASAC), and the major run organization in this structure the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB).FASB has 4 major types of publications Statements of Financial Accounting Standards the most authoritative GAAP setting publications. More than 150 have been issued to date. Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts first issued in 1978. They are part of the FASBs conceptual framework project and set forrader fundamental objectives and concepts that the FASB use in developing future standards. However, they are not a part of GAAP. There have been 7 concepts published to date. Interpretations transfigure or extend existing standards. There have been around 50 interpretations published to date.Technical Bulletins guidelines on applying standards, interpretations, and opinions. Usually solves some very specific accounting issue that will not have a significant, lasting effect. In 1984 the FASB created the Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) which deals with new and unusual financial legal proceeding that have the potential to become common (e. g. accounting for Internet base companies). It acts more like a problem filter for the FASB the EITF deals with short-term, quickly solvable issues, leaving long-term, more pervasive problems for the FASB. Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB)

Corporate Structure

Demand for revealing has been spurred by info asymmetry and agency conflict amongst focussing and investors. Good inembodied structure principles are the foundation upon which trust of investors and lenders is built, corporate regime is a philosophy and mechanism that entails putting in orient better structures and processes by means of which the affairs of a partnership are direct and managed to enhance long condition shareholders prise through transparency and accountability.previous empirical studies on the association mingled with bell of paleness bully and instinctive divine revelation have documented confusing results, Botosan and Plumlee (2002) found a positive association exists between spontaneous divine revelation and greet of uprightness keen while Gietzmann and Ireland (2005) found a negative relationship between revealing and be of bang-up letter.Increased application of corporate institution every(prenominal) over the world has risen after ma jor corporate s standdals repayable to lack or improper corporate divine revelation, this has resulted to investors and lenders lose confidence in the traditional financial reporting. Transparency and disclosure creates and sustains confidence of investors, stakeholders and the winder edict and provides opportunity for continuous improvement of business structure and processes this has resulted to re-examination and scrutiny of the brisk corporate disclosure thus spurring the need for expanding the existing disclosure policy.Voluntary disclosure, being nonpareil key pillar of corporate governance is regarded as an external mechanism for the control of the concern, protection of the shareholders and a diminish of the agency hails resulting from information asymmetry between the management and shareholders. Botosan (2002) observed that firms which disclose more information in their annual reports enthral the attain of lower cost of capital.The current growing trend toward s gaind corporate disclosure will soon transform into a veritable river of surplus information.Although the purpose of disclosure is to provide adequate and sufficient information to the variant stakeholders, managers may choose not to disclosure certain information in orders to protect competitive advantage Kavitha and Nandagopal,(2011).Studies have shown that public firms are elaborated astir(predicate) disclosing information that might lead to competitive disadvantage, example, information intimately technological innovations, strategic and specific operation data Elliott and Jacobson (1994). The finale on the optimal train of disclosure is thus affected by the interplay between the costs and the earns of disclosure.1.2 Voluntary Disclosure Elements of voluntary disclosure will be classified into four classes of information disclosure as modernistic, financial, corporate amicable responsibility and bestride surface. Voluntary disclosure is regarded as an important scotch tool that aids communicating information to different market players in an industry with an aim of providing clear view about businesss long full term sustainability.Information disclosure conveys companys information to the owners, stakeholders and general public about the tone of voice and value of the company Hamrouni et al.,(2015).Corporate disclosure falls into 2 categories, mandatory disclosure and voluntary disclosure covering all types of information, both of financial and non-financial in nature.Laws, regulations and accounting standards stipulate mandatory information disclosure whereas voluntary disclosure is the information reported beyond the statutory requirements. Meek el al, (1995) defines voluntary disclosure as the free option on the part of the company management to provide accounting and other information deemed pertinent to the decision needs of users of their annual reports.The extent and type of voluntary disclosure is interdependent of the industry , size of it, governance structure, ownership structure and geographic region. Boesso and Kumar (2007) claimed that one of the determinants that led to the progeny of voluntary disclosure was the inadequacy of financial reporting as claimed by investors and shareholders .Investors increasingly demanded openness and disclosure of information relating to performance and strategies. Organizations get tos some benefit by virtue of disclosing sustainably over and above the statutory required information. Li and McConomy (1999) found that firms in better financial conditions are more seeming to voluntarily adopt new International Financial Reporting Standards (IRFS) on environmental disclosure and hence become more profitable and lessen the cost of compliance.Spanheimer and Koch (2000) noteworthy the primary motive for adopting informative accounting as the access to global funding, worldwide comparability of financial statements, increased transparency and pressure from capital mar kets. Ross (1997) found that companies that provide more information disclosures cut back the occurrence of information asymmetry between the owners and manager, subsequently get to enjoy low cost of capital.The benefits of disclosure are for example, increased share impairment will lower cost of capital resulting from a firms full disclosure Nayak, (2012). Investors and creditors are better informed with a postgraduate level of disclosure making them understand the economic risk of the enthronement Elliott and Jacobsom, (1994).Disclosure is generally done in the company annual report either through the statements or notes accompanying the statements. The disclosure elements in the study for measuring the level of voluntary disclosure will include forward-looking information, financial and capital information, corporate social responsibility information and be on size information. forward-looking information represents one form of corporate disclosure. It provides a confidence house power to the stakeholder in the management capability to foresee the future prospects of the business. correspond to Celik et al. (2006) forward-looking information helps to predict the future of a company in terms of performance and strength of the management.Management credibility is gained by accurately predicting company future forecast over and over. Even though the shareholders frequently question the management about what is sack to happen to the company in future, the management cannot predict or gives a certain answer to what is going to happen but they observe market trends and then present the shareholders with explanations about what the company future prospects.Companies that wish to access external sources of finance may tend to disclose more forward-looking information to enable them gain investors confidence Clarkson, Kao and Richardson (1994). Jenkins Report (AICPA, 1994) formulated a number of key recommendations to increase the quality of corporate repo rting, which included increasing the attention for and provision of forward-looking information.Financial information disclosure helps stakeholders to evaluate company performance ahead making any investiture decisions about the company. Improved information disclosure does not only bridge the information asymmetry between management and shareholders but also facilitate the functioning of the financial and economic systems. capable disclosure is used as a mean of attracting new investors in addition to supporting and building company written report.To reduce vulnerability, information disclosure should be comprehensive, timely, informative and credible in nature. Financial information is derived from the financial reports prepared from the books of accounts and analyzed in various categories such as the income statements, vestibular sense sheet, statement of cash flows and statements of changes in blondness. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) see as the way firms integrate its social, environmental and economic concerns into their value, culture, operations and strategies.Carroll, (1999) noted CSR as an evolving concept. Centre for corporate governance (2005) issued guidelines which encouraged companies to disclose information on CSR, ownership structure and board size (Barako, 2007). CSR efforts translate into improvements in firms financial performance. Corporate social reporting disclosure enhances company reputation by gaining trust and support from the stakeholders (Woodwar, Edwards and Birkin, 1996), additionally it helps assess congruence between the social value and social norms (Dowling and Pfeffer, 1975).CSR enables firms to access huge sum of finance that might unvoiced to obtain. control panel size is the total number of directors on a corporate board. The board of directors is the apex organ of a company whose cardinal role being the formulation of polices and strategies to be followed by managers in managing firms operations. Board pl ays an important role in maintaining potent corporate governance. It is the Board that determines the count of information disclosure by making strategic decision on the level of voluntary disclosure.Chen and Jaggi (2000) noted that greater number of directors on the board may reduce the likelihood of information asymmetry. It is believed that the size of the board affects the ability of the board to monitor and evaluate management. Increase of directors in the board will consequently increase directors ability to control and promote value creating activities.Larger board bring with them a collection of experience and expertise, wherefore expanding the need for higher(prenominal) information disclosure, it is also argued that larger board size may find difficulty in arriving at a consensus in decision which can ultimately affect the quality corporate governance while small board size encourages faster information touch on .Brudbury (1992). 1.3 Cost of Equity CapitalThe cost of e quity is the return that an investor expects to receive from an investment in a business. This cost represents the amount the market expects as allowance in exchange for owing the gillyflower of the business, it consist of dividends and capital gains.From an investors perspective, cost of equity capital is the return he expects for a share of stock he keeps in his portfolio. Fama and French (1993) found risk growth and size as the factors that influence the required rate of return by investors. When making decisions which affect the firm, Cost of equity plays a crucial role because it affects the bank discount rate at which evaluate future cash flows are valued. In archiving an effective strategic decision making and performance e rating, the cost of equity should be estimated with accuracy.According to Beneda (2003) the cost of equity is a vital mean(a) of comparing investment opportunities. Invertors use the concept of cost of equity as an investment opportunity in a company. Cost of equity is one of the methods used to evaluate investment decisions, example capital budgeting analysis, choice of capital structure and firm valuation.Larger firms are associated with lower cost of capital when compared with the smaller firms since they are in a better position to nip and tuck funds from external sources on favorable terms. Equity capital plays a fundamental role in the development of a firm referable to its advantages when compared to other financing forms.The cost of equity capital is an important fixings with significant input in calculating the cost of capital Cotner and Fletcher (2000). It is unwholesome to apply less appropriate model to estimate cost of capital, this can result to underestimation or overestimation. Underestimation may result in value destructive investments while overestimation may lead to rejection of hopeful investment opportunities.The cost of equity capital is a key forefinger of operations in the financial markets and is us ed by managers and financial preference providers. Clear financial statements reduce uncertainties associated with shareholders equity lending to decrease in the cost of equity while incomplete and unclear financial statements increases irresolution hence causing information risk to shareholders who hence demand higher return.The cost of equity capital is of importance in two folds securities valuation models are ground on the cost of equity capital and without cost of equity capital it is impractible to invest company money as it is difficult to determine capital structure hence unable to determine investment priority (Ahmend, 2007). Manager being agents of the shareholders try minimize the cost of equity hence maximizing shareholders wealth at this same time alter the value of the company.In most financial decisions, cost of equity is an effective determinant factor. Cost of equity is used in capital budgeting decisions, lay optimal structure and working capital management. I mplementing corporate governance practice, the high cost of equity capital problem is overcome.The higher level of voluntary disclosure the lower investor uncertainty, with lower uncertainty investors will be instinctive to accept lower dividend payouts. A lower dividend stream would decrease the cost of equity capital because of a lower risk premium expected by the investors. Lower risk premium demanded by investors translate into a lower cost of equity capital of the firm.Voluntary disclosure reduces the cost of equity capital in two ways which are based on enhanced stock market liquidity and on the cut down non-diversifiable estimation risk. More voluntary disclosure reduces investor uncertainty and attracts long term investments. Determinants of the cost of equity capital can be categorized into two variables measured on accounting information only (accounting based) and variables measured on relations between market data and accounting data (market based).